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General Biology: Biomolecules and Their Properties

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Termini in questo insieme (23)

  • What are the four main classes of biological macromolecules?
    Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids.
  • What is a polymer and what are its building blocks?
    A polymer is a large molecule made of repeating smaller units called monomers.
  • What process builds polymers from monomers?
    Dehydration synthesis (condensation) removes water to form bonds between monomers.
  • What process breaks polymers into monomers?
    Hydrolysis adds water to break bonds and separate monomers.
  • Why is carbon essential in biological molecules?
    Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing complex, branched, and diverse molecules essential for life.
  • What is a functional group in organic molecules?
    A functional group is a specific group of atoms that participates in chemical reactions and determines molecule properties.
  • Name three important functional groups in biomolecules.
    Hydroxyl (-OH), Carboxyl (-COOH), and Amino (-NH2) groups.
  • What is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates?
    Monomer: Monosaccharide; Polymer: Polysaccharide.
  • What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?
    Monomers: Amino acids; Polymers: Polypeptides (proteins).
  • What type of bond links amino acids in proteins?
    Peptide bonds link amino acids via dehydration synthesis.
  • What determines the unique properties of amino acids?
    The side chain (R group) determines amino acid polarity, charge, and behavior.
  • What are the four levels of protein structure?
    Primary (amino acid sequence), Secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), Tertiary (3D folding), and Quaternary (multi-subunit assembly).
  • How do changes in pH or temperature affect proteins?
    They can denature proteins by disrupting hydrogen and ionic bonds, altering shape and function.
  • What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
    A nucleotide, composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
  • What are the differences between DNA and RNA sugars?
    DNA contains deoxyribose (lacks 2' OH), RNA contains ribose (has 2' OH).
  • What bases are found in DNA and RNA?
    DNA: A, T, C, G; RNA: A, U, C, G.
  • How are nucleotides linked in nucleic acids?
    By phosphodiester bonds between the 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl groups.
  • What is the directionality of nucleic acid strands?
    Strands run 5' to 3' and are antiparallel in DNA double helix.
  • What is the role of ATP in cells?
    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy currency, providing energy for cellular processes.
  • What is the molecular formula of glucose?
    C6H12O6.
  • What is the formula of a disaccharide formed by two glucose molecules via dehydration synthesis?
    C12H22O11 (loss of one water molecule).
  • What are the components of a triglyceride (fat)?
    One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds.
  • What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
    Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; unsaturated have one or more double bonds causing kinks.