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General Biology: Cell Biology, Metabolism, Respiration, and Photosynthesis

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  • What is the basic unit of life?

    The cell is the basic unit of life in all living organisms.

  • What are the two main types of cells?

    Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

  • What is metabolism?

    Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

  • What role do enzymes play in metabolism?

    Enzymes act as biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions without being consumed.

  • What is activation energy?

    Activation energy is the energy required to start a chemical reaction.

  • How do enzymes affect activation energy?

    Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for reactions, making them proceed faster.

  • What is cellular respiration?

    Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.

  • What are the main stages of cellular respiration?

    Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain are the main stages of cellular respiration.

  • What is fermentation?

    Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows cells to produce energy without oxygen, producing byproducts like lactic acid or alcohol.

  • What is photosynthesis?

    Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.

  • Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

    Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

  • What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

    The light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions) are the two main stages.

  • What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis?

    Chlorophyll is the main pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

  • What is ATP?

    ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier molecule in cells.

  • How is ATP produced in cellular respiration?

    ATP is produced mainly during the electron transport chain by chemiosmosis.

  • What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

    NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain to help produce ATP.

  • What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

    6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

  • What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

    C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

  • What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

    Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not and often produces less ATP.

  • Why is photosynthesis important for life on Earth?

    Photosynthesis produces oxygen and organic molecules that are the basis of the food chain.