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General Biology: Cell Structure and Function

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Termini in questo insieme (24)

  • Cell Theory

    All living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing cells.

  • Microscope types and uses

    Light microscopes magnify up to 1000X and view living cells; electron microscopes magnify up to 100,000X and view dead specimens' structures.

  • Features common to all cells

    All cells have DNA, ribosomes for protein synthesis, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.

  • Prokaryotic cells

    Cells without membrane-bound organelles; example: bacteria.

  • Eukaryotic cells

    Cells with membrane-bound organelles and a plasma membrane; examples: animal and plant cells.

  • Cell membrane composition and function

    Composed of phospholipids and proteins, it regulates substances entering and leaving the cell and protects the cell.

  • Cell wall in plants

    Made of cellulose, it supports and protects plant cells.

  • Cytoplasm

    Composed of water and molecules; site of enzyme reactions inside the cell.

  • Cytoskeleton

    A network of protein fibers that support cell shape and anchor organelles; fibers constantly form and disassemble.

  • Nucleus function

    The control center regulating cell metabolism; contains chromosomes with DNA and the nucleolus which produces ribosomes.

  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

    Rough ER synthesizes proteins; smooth ER synthesizes lipids; both transport products in vesicles.

  • Golgi apparatus function

    Modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids from the ER to other parts of the cell.

  • Lysosomes

    Vesicles containing digestive enzymes that break down food and worn-out organelles.

  • Mitochondria

    Double-membrane sacs that metabolize glucose and produce ATP, the cell's energy currency.

  • Chloroplasts

    Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis converts sunlight, CO2, and water into glucose.

  • Ribosomes

    Composed of rRNA and proteins; assemble amino acids into proteins during protein synthesis.

  • Centrioles

    Cylinders made of microtubules that help organize the mitotic spindle during cell division; found in animal cells.

  • Chromosomes

    Structures inside the nucleus made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information passed to offspring.

  • Differences between animal and plant cells: cell wall

    Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose; animal cells do not.

  • Differences between animal and plant cells: chloroplasts

    Plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis; animal cells lack chloroplasts.

  • Differences between animal and plant cells: vacuoles

    Plant cells have a large central vacuole for storage and shape; animal cells have small or no vacuoles.

  • Differences between animal and plant cells: centrioles and lysosomes

    Animal cells contain centrioles and lysosomes; plant cells usually lack these organelles.

  • Central vacuole function in plant cells

    Stores nutrients, waste, and water; helps maintain cell shape.

  • Path of protein synthesis and secretion

    Protein is synthesized in the rough ER, modified in the Golgi apparatus, and transported in vesicles to the cell membrane for secretion.