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General Biology: Cell Structure and Function Review

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Termini in questo insieme (17)

  • Common features of all cells
    All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes.
  • Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
    Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; their DNA is in a nucleoid. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Cell walls in bacteria, archaea, plants, and fungi
    Bacteria have peptidoglycan cell walls; archaea and eukaryotes do not. Plant and fungal cell walls contain different materials.
  • Flagella differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
    Both can have flagella for movement, but their structure and mechanism differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
  • Relationship between cell size and surface area to volume ratio
    As cell size increases, surface area increases by the square of length, volume by the cube, so surface-area-to-volume ratio decreases.
  • Formula for surface area, volume, and surface-area-to-volume ratio of a cube
    Surface area = \(6L^2\), volume = \(L^3\), ratio = \(\frac{6}{L}\).
  • How cells improve exchange relative to volume
    Smaller cells, folded membranes, and elongated shapes increase surface area relative to volume, improving exchange.
  • Structure and function of the nuclear envelope
    The nuclear envelope has two membranes separating the nucleus from cytoplasm and contains nuclear pores regulating molecular movement.
  • Role of nuclear pores
    Nuclear pores regulate movement of RNAs, proteins, and ribosomal subunits between nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • Function of the nucleolus
    The nucleolus synthesizes and processes ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomal subunits.
  • Function of the nuclear lamina
    The nuclear lamina is a network of intermediate filaments beneath the inner nuclear membrane that supports nuclear shape and organization.
  • Difference between free and bound ribosomes
    Free ribosomes make proteins for the cytosol; bound ribosomes on rough ER make proteins for secretion or membranes.
  • Are free and bound ribosomes permanently different?
    No, they are not permanently different; protein signals determine whether ribosomes become bound or remain free.
  • Primary function of mitochondria
    Mitochondria support cellular respiration to produce energy.
  • Primary function of chloroplasts
    Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis in plants and algae.
  • Evidence supporting endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
    They have their own DNA, bacterial-like ribosomes, divide by binary fission, and have double membranes.
  • What does endosymbiosis theory propose?
    Mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from bacteria that integrated into ancestral host cells.