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General Biology: Cellular Reproduction

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  • What is DNA packaged into?

    Chromosomes

  • What is the structure of DNA called?

    Double helix

  • What type of daughter cells does mitosis produce?

    Genetically identical daughter cells

  • What is the process called when cells become specialized after division?

    Differentiation

  • List the three categories of cells in multicellular organisms.

    a. Stem cells
    b. Progenitor cells
    c. Differentiated cells

  • What does sexual reproduction require?

    The fusion of gametes (sperm and egg)

  • What does asexual reproduction produce?

    Offspring called clones

  • What type of cell division do bacteria use?

    Binary fission

  • With what proteins is eukaryotic DNA packaged?

    Histones

  • What is the region that holds sister chromatids together?

    Centromere

  • What do telomeres protect?

    The ends of chromosomes

  • What are the three phases of interphase?

    G1: Cell growth
    S: DNA replication
    G2: Preparation for mitosis

  • What does mitosis divide?

    The nucleus

  • What does cytokinesis divide?

    The cytoplasm

  • What type of cells does meiosis produce?

    Four genetically unique haploid daughter cells

  • What happens during prophase of mitosis?

    Chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form

  • What happens during metaphase of mitosis?

    Chromosomes align at the cell's equator

  • What happens during anaphase of mitosis?

    Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

  • What happens during telophase of mitosis?

    Chromosomes decondense and nuclear membranes reform

  • What occurs during cytokinesis?

    The cytoplasm divides, forming two separate cells

  • What role does mitosis play in healing a scrape?

    Mitosis produces new cells to replace damaged skin cells

  • Why don’t tattoos disappear even though skin cells divide?

    Tattoo ink is deposited in deeper skin layers where cells divide less frequently

  • How does the body repair muscle damage if muscle cells don’t divide much?

    Muscle repair involves stem cells and protein synthesis, not cell division

  • Which cells allow hair to grow back after a haircut?

    Hair follicle stem cells

  • Why might stress increase susceptibility to illness?

    Stress can weaken the immune system, reducing its effectiveness

  • How does skin cell division rate contribute to acne?

    Excessive skin cell division can clog pores, leading to acne

  • Why does growth slow after early adulthood?

    Cell division rates decrease and differentiation stabilizes

  • What happens when cell cycle checkpoints fail?

    Uncontrolled cell division can lead to cancer

  • Why do bacteria multiply quickly in the body during food poisoning?

    Bacteria reproduce rapidly by binary fission under favorable conditions

  • Why don’t siblings look identical genetically?

    Genetic variation arises from meiosis and independent assortment

  • Match: What protects chromosome ends?

    Telomere

  • Match: What holds sister chromatids together?

    Centromere

  • Match: What are DNA packaging proteins?

    Histones

  • Match: What phase involves cell growth and DNA replication?

    Interphase

  • Match: What divides the cytoplasm?

    Cytokinesis