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General Biology: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

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  • What happens in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?

    Electrons are transferred between molecules, changing their oxidation states and potential energy.

  • How are NAD+ and NADH related?

    NAD+ is the oxidized form that accepts electrons to become NADH, the reduced form carrying electrons.

  • What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?

    Reactants: Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+. Products: 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP (net 2 ATP), 2 NADH.

  • What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

    Direct synthesis of ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP during glycolysis and Krebs cycle.

  • What percent of ATP is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation in cellular respiration?

    Approximately 10-15% of total ATP is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation.

  • Describe chemiosmosis in cellular respiration.

    Protons flow down their gradient through ATP synthase from the intermembrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix, driving ATP production.

  • How does chemiosmosis differ in photosynthesis compared to cellular respiration?

    In photosynthesis, protons move from the stroma into the thylakoid space, then flow back through ATP synthase to the stroma, opposite to mitochondria.

  • What are the stages of aerobic respiration in order?

    1. Glycolysis, 2. Pyruvate oxidation, 3. Krebs cycle, 4. Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

  • What are the reactants and products of the Krebs cycle?

    Reactants: Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, ADP. Products: CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP.

  • What are the reactants and products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    Reactants: Light, H2O, NADP+, ADP. Products: O2, NADPH, ATP.

  • What are the reactants and products of the dark reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis?

    Reactants: CO2, NADPH, ATP. Products: Glucose (G3P), NADP+, ADP.

  • What is the structure of the chloroplast relevant to photosynthesis?

    Contains thylakoid membranes where light reactions occur and the stroma where the Calvin cycle takes place.

  • During photosynthesis, what is oxidized and what is reduced?

    Water (H2O) is oxidized to O2, and CO2 is reduced to glucose.

  • What role do electron carriers play in redox reactions?

    They accept and donate electrons, facilitating energy transfer in metabolic pathways.

  • How many ATP molecules are produced or used in glycolysis?

    2 ATP are used and 4 ATP are produced, netting 2 ATP per glucose molecule.

  • What is the direction of proton flow during chemiosmosis in mitochondria?

    Protons flow from the intermembrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase.

  • What is the direction of proton flow during chemiosmosis in chloroplasts?

    Protons flow from the thylakoid lumen back into the stroma through ATP synthase.

  • What is the significance of NADH in cellular respiration?

    NADH carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

  • What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain?

    To create a proton gradient by transferring electrons, which drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.

  • What molecule is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

    Oxygen (O2) is the final electron acceptor, forming water.