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General Biology: Chapter 5 Review - Macromolecules and Their Structures

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  • What is a dehydration reaction?

    A dehydration reaction is a chemical process that removes a water molecule to form a new bond, enabling the production of polymers from monomers.

  • What is hydrolysis?

    Hydrolysis is the chemical breakdown of polymers by adding water, which breaks the bonds between monomers.

  • What are carbohydrates?

    Carbohydrates are organic molecules that serve as energy sources and structural components in cells.

  • Functions of carbohydrates

    Carbohydrates provide energy storage, serve as structural components (like cellulose), and are involved in cell recognition.

  • Types of carbohydrates

    Monosaccharides are single sugars, disaccharides are two monosaccharides linked, and polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides.

  • Bond between monosaccharides

    The bond between monosaccharides is called a glycosidic linkage.

  • What is a lipid?

    Lipids are hydrophobic molecules used for energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling.

  • Functions of lipids

    Lipids function in long-term energy storage, forming cell membranes, and acting as hormones.

  • Examples of lipids

    Examples include triacylglycerols (fats/oils), phospholipids, and steroids.

  • Subunits of fats

    Fats are made of glycerol and three fatty acids.

  • Structure of a triglyceride

    A triglyceride consists of glycerol linked to three fatty acids by ester linkages.

  • Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

    Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are liquid.

  • What is a protein?

    Proteins are polymers of amino acids that perform diverse functions including catalysis, structure, and signaling.

  • Functions of proteins

    Proteins function as enzymes, structural components, transporters, and signaling molecules.

  • Monomer subunits of proteins

    Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

  • Structure of an amino acid

    An amino acid has an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group attached to a central carbon.

  • Hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids

    Nonpolar amino acids are hydrophobic; polar and electrically charged amino acids are hydrophilic.

  • Bond between amino acids

    The bond linking amino acids is called a peptide bond.

  • Difference between polypeptide and protein

    A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids; a protein is a functional molecule made of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific shape.

  • Four levels of protein structure

    Protein structure levels are primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary (3D folding), and quaternary (multiple polypeptides).

  • What is a nucleic acid?

    Nucleic acids are polymers that store and transmit genetic information.

  • Two kinds of nucleic acids

    The two kinds are DNA and RNA.

  • Monomer subunits of nucleic acids

    Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.

  • Structure of a nucleotide

    A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.

  • Bond between nucleotides

    Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester linkages.

  • Functions of DNA and RNA

    DNA stores genetic information; RNA helps in protein synthesis and gene regulation.