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General Biology: Chapters 4 & 5 Key Concepts

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  • What is the primary function of carbohydrates in cells?

    Carbohydrates provide energy and structural support in cells.

  • Define monosaccharides.

    Monosaccharides are simple sugars and the basic units of carbohydrates.

  • What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

    Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants; cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls.

  • Describe the structure of a phospholipid.

    A phospholipid has two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group head, forming cell membranes.

  • What role do proteins play in cells?

    Proteins function as enzymes, structural components, signaling molecules, and transporters.

  • What is the primary structure of a protein?

    The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

  • Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

    Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds causing kinks.

  • What is the function of nucleic acids?

    Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.

  • Name the nitrogenous bases found in DNA.

    DNA contains adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

  • What type of bond links amino acids in proteins?

    Peptide bonds link amino acids in proteins.

  • Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane.

    The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins.

  • What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

    Cholesterol stabilizes membrane fluidity across temperature changes.

  • Define dehydration synthesis.

    Dehydration synthesis is the process of joining molecules by removing water.

  • What is hydrolysis?

    Hydrolysis breaks bonds by adding water, splitting polymers into monomers.

  • How do enzymes affect chemical reactions?

    Enzymes lower activation energy and speed up reactions without being consumed.

  • What determines a protein's 3D shape?

    A protein's 3D shape is determined by its amino acid sequence and interactions like hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges.

  • What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

    DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose sugar; RNA is single-stranded with ribose sugar.

  • What are the four levels of protein structure?

    The four levels are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

  • What is the function of cellulose in plants?

    Cellulose provides rigidity and structural support in plant cell walls.

  • Explain the amphipathic nature of phospholipids.

    Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, enabling membrane formation.