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General Biology - Energy and Enzymes

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • What is energy?
    Energy is the capacity to cause change or perform work.
  • What are the two main types of energy?
    Kinetic energy is energy of motion, such as heat. Potential energy is energy possessed due to location or structure, like chemical energy.
  • What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics state?
    Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only change forms.
  • What does the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics state?
    Every energy transfer increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe, and most energy is eventually lost as heat.
  • Define metabolism.
    The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, including catabolism and anabolism.
  • What is an exergonic reaction?
    A chemical reaction that releases energy; reactants have higher energy than products.
  • What is an endergonic reaction?
    A chemical reaction that requires energy input; products have higher energy than reactants.
  • What is ATP and its role?
    ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecule that transports energy in the cell and powers most cellular work.
  • What happens during ATP hydrolysis?
    ATP is broken down by hydrolysis into ADP and phosphate, releasing energy.
  • What is energy coupling?
    The use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions, often via ATP phosphorylation.
  • What is activation energy?
    The energy barrier that must be overcome for a chemical reaction to begin.
  • What is a substrate in enzymatic reactions?
    The reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon.
  • What is the active site of an enzyme?
    The specific region where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.
  • What is induced fit in enzyme activity?
    A change in enzyme shape that enhances binding to the substrate and catalysis.
  • How do temperature and pH affect enzyme activity?
    Enzymes have optimal temperature and pH ranges; deviations can reduce activity or denature the enzyme.
  • What are cofactors and coenzymes?
    Non-protein helpers required for enzyme activity; cofactors are inorganic, coenzymes are organic molecules.
  • What is competitive inhibition?
    An inhibitor binds to the enzyme's active site, blocking substrate binding.
  • What is noncompetitive inhibition?
    An inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme, changing its shape and reducing activity.
  • What is allosteric regulation?
    Regulation of enzyme activity by binding of activators or inhibitors at sites other than the active site.
  • What is feedback inhibition?
    The end product of a metabolic pathway binds allosterically to an enzyme early in the pathway to halt its own synthesis.
  • How does glyphosate (Roundup) inhibit plant enzymes?
    Glyphosate competitively inhibits EPSPS, an enzyme needed for aromatic amino acid synthesis, killing weeds but not Roundup-resistant crops.