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General Biology: Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is the basic building block of living organisms?

    The cell is the basic building block of living organisms.

  • What is an organelle?

    An organelle is a membrane-bound body with a substantial lifetime in the cell, relatively permanent and specialized for specific functions.

  • What is the primary role of the nucleus?

    The nucleus stores DNA and is the site where DNA is transcribed into RNA for protein synthesis.

  • What is the nuclear pore complex (NPC)?

    The NPC is composed of ~1,000 protein subunits, stabilizes an ~800-Å-wide nuclear envelope pore, and controls transport of macromolecules in and out of the nucleus.

  • What molecules can passively diffuse through the nuclear pore?

    Macromolecules smaller than ~40 kDa can passively diffuse through the nuclear pore.

  • What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

    The ER is responsible for protein synthesis (secreted and membrane-bound), lipid biosynthesis, and calcium storage.

  • Difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid metabolism and calcium storage.

  • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

    The Golgi apparatus processes and sorts proteins destined for the cell membrane or secretion.

  • What is the primary function of mitochondria?

    Mitochondria generate NADH and ATP and play a role in apoptosis.

  • Describe the structure of mitochondria.

    Mitochondria are small, dynamic organelles forming a continuous tubular network that varies by cell type and state.

  • What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

    The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.

  • What are microfilaments composed of?

    Microfilaments are composed of actin and are involved in cell shape and movement.

  • What are intermediate filaments?

    Intermediate filaments provide mechanical support and are composed of proteins like keratin.

  • What are microtubules composed of and their function?

    Microtubules are composed of tubulin and are involved in intracellular transport and cell division.

  • What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

    The ECM is a network of proteins like collagen and fibronectin outside the cell that provides structural support and mediates cell signaling.

  • What is the main component of plant cell walls?

    The main component of plant cell walls is cellulose.

  • What is the role of the plasma membrane in relation to the cytoskeleton and ECM?

    The plasma membrane connects the cytoskeleton inside the cell to the extracellular matrix outside via integrin proteins.

  • What is the approximate width of a eukaryotic cell?

    A eukaryotic cell is roughly 10-30 micrometers wide.

  • What defines a living entity?

    A living entity is defined by its ability to grow, reproduce, respond to stimuli, and maintain homeostasis.

  • Do mitochondria facilitate synthesis of membrane and secreted proteins?

    False. Mitochondria generate energy; protein synthesis occurs mainly in the ER and ribosomes.