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General Biology Exam 1 Review: Chapters 1-4

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Termini in questo insieme (31)

  • Domains of life

    The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which classify all living organisms based on cell type and genetics.

  • Functions of cell organelles

    Organelles include the nucleus (stores DNA), mitochondria (ATP production), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (modifies and packages proteins), and endoplasmic reticulum (protein and lipid synthesis).

  • Hierarchy of living organisms

    Levels include molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere.

  • Relationship between cell size and surface area

    Smaller cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which improves nutrient uptake and waste removal.

  • Types of microscopy and uses

    Light microscopy views living cells; electron microscopy shows detailed cell structures; fluorescence microscopy highlights specific molecules.

  • Most abundant elements in humans

    Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) are the most abundant elements in the human body.

  • Importance of reductionism

    Reductionism breaks complex biological systems into simpler parts to better understand their functions.

  • Why DNA is important

    DNA stores genetic information that directs cell function and heredity.

  • Types of chemical bonds

    Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent bonds share electrons; hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.

  • What makes a molecule polar or nonpolar

    Polarity depends on electronegativity differences and molecular shape; polar molecules have uneven charge distribution, nonpolar molecules do not.

  • Interaction of negatively and positively charged elements

    Opposite charges attract, forming ionic bonds or electrostatic interactions.

  • pH levels for acidic and basic substances

    Acidic solutions have pH < 7; basic (alkaline) solutions have pH > 7; neutral is pH 7.

  • Steps of the scientific method

    Observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, data analysis, conclusion, and communication.

  • Definition of homeostasis

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Difference between element and molecule

    An element is a pure substance of one type of atom; a molecule is two or more atoms chemically bonded.

  • Shared characteristics of living and nonliving things

    Both have atoms and molecules, but only living things show metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

  • Importance of radioisotope technology

    Radioisotopes are used in medical imaging, dating fossils, and tracing biochemical pathways.

  • How atoms change their charges

    Atoms gain or lose electrons to become ions, changing their charge.

  • Process of diffusion

    Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

  • Protein complex where most ATP is made in electron transport chain

    ATP synthase produces most ATP during the electron transport chain in mitochondria.

  • What can pass through the plasma membrane

    Small nonpolar molecules and gases pass freely; ions and large polar molecules require transport proteins.

  • Definition of active transport

    Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP).

  • Isotonic solution effect on cells

    In an isotonic solution, water moves equally in and out, so the cell size remains stable.

  • Purpose of glycolysis

    Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the cytoplasm.

  • Electron carriers during the citric acid cycle

    NAD+ and FAD accept electrons to become NADH and FADH2, which carry electrons to the electron transport chain.

  • Composition of the plasma membrane

    The plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

  • Types of connective tissues

    Connective tissues include loose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood.

  • Locations of connective tissues

    Loose connective tissue under skin; dense in tendons; cartilage in joints; bone in skeleton; blood in vessels.

  • Type of muscle in the stomach

    The stomach contains smooth muscle, which is involuntary and non-striated.

  • Types of tissues and their functions

    Four types: epithelial (cover surfaces), connective (support), muscle (movement), and nervous (signal transmission).

  • Types of cell junctions

    Include tight junctions (seal cells), desmosomes (anchor cells), and gap junctions (allow communication).