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General Biology Exam 1 Review: Chapters 1-4

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  • What are the three domains of life?

    The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

  • Name the main cell organelles and their functions.

    Nucleus: stores DNA
    Mitochondria: produces ATP
    Ribosomes: synthesize proteins
    Endoplasmic Reticulum: synthesizes lipids and proteins
    Golgi Apparatus: modifies and packages proteins
    Lysosomes: digest waste

  • What is the hierarchy of living organisms from smallest to largest?

    Atoms < Molecules < Organelles < Cells < Tissues < Organs < Organ Systems < Organisms

  • How does cell size relate to surface area?

    As cell size increases, surface area to volume ratio decreases, limiting efficient exchange of materials.

  • What are the different types of microscopy and their uses?

    Light microscopy: views living cells
    Electron microscopy: views detailed cell structures
    Fluorescence microscopy: labels specific molecules

  • What are the most abundant elements in the human body?

    Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen are the most abundant elements.

  • What is reductionism in biology?

    Reductionism is studying complex systems by breaking them down into simpler parts.

  • Why is DNA important?

    DNA stores genetic information and directs protein synthesis.

  • What are the three main types of chemical bonds?

    Ionic bonds: transfer of electrons
    Covalent bonds: sharing of electrons
    Hydrogen bonds: weak attraction between polar molecules

  • What determines if a molecule is polar or nonpolar?

    Polarity depends on the difference in electronegativity and molecular shape; polar molecules have uneven charge distribution.

  • How do negatively charged elements interact with positively charged elements?

    They attract each other due to opposite charges, forming ionic bonds.

  • What pH levels define acidic and basic substances?

    Acidic substances have pH < 7; basic (alkaline) substances have pH > 7.

  • What are the steps of the scientific method in order?

    Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Analysis, Conclusion.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • What is the difference between an element and a molecule?

    An element is a pure substance of one type of atom; a molecule is two or more atoms chemically bonded.

  • What characteristics are shared between living and nonliving things?

    Both have atoms and molecules, but only living things show metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

  • Why is radioisotope technology important in biology?

    It helps trace biochemical pathways and date fossils by detecting radioactive decay.

  • How can atoms change their charges?

    Atoms gain or lose electrons to become ions with positive or negative charges.

  • What is diffusion?

    Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

  • Where is most ATP made during the electron transport chain?

    Most ATP is produced in the mitochondrial inner membrane by ATP synthase.

  • What can and cannot pass through the plasma membrane?

    Small nonpolar molecules pass freely; large or charged molecules require transport proteins.

  • What is active transport?

    Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP).

  • What is an isotonic solution and its effect on cells?

    An isotonic solution has equal solute concentration; cells maintain their normal shape.

  • What is the purpose of glycolysis?

    Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

  • What are the electron carriers during the citric acid cycle and their electron sources?

    NAD+ and FAD are electron carriers; they get electrons from oxidized metabolic intermediates.

  • What does the plasma membrane consist of?

    The plasma membrane is mainly a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol.

  • What are the different types of connective tissues?

    Connective tissues include loose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood.

  • Where can you find each type of connective tissue?

    Loose: under skin; Dense: tendons; Cartilage: joints; Bone: skeleton; Blood: circulatory system.

  • What type of muscle is found in the stomach?

    The stomach contains smooth muscle, which is involuntary and non-striated.

  • What are the different types of tissues and their functions?

    Epithelial: covers surfaces
    Connective: supports and binds
    Muscle: movement
    Nervous: transmits signals

  • What are the different types of cell junctions?

    Tight junctions: seal cells
    Desmosomes: anchor cells
    Gap junctions: allow communication