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General Biology Exam 1 Review

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Hierarchy of Life

    The organization of life from largest to smallest: biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule.

  • Emergent Properties

    New properties that arise at each level of biological organization due to interactions among components.

  • Smallest Unit of Life

    The cell is the smallest unit of life capable of independent existence.

  • Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

    Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles.

  • DNA Structure

    DNA is composed of nucleotides with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases; it forms chromosomes.

  • Gene

    A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule.

  • Nucleotides

    The building blocks of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

  • Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

    The repeating chain of sugar and phosphate groups that forms the structural framework of DNA.

  • Gene Expression

    The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products like proteins.

  • Energy Flow in Ecosystems

    Energy flows through ecosystems from producers to consumers and is lost as heat; nutrients cycle within the system.

  • Producers vs Consumers

    Producers make their own food via photosynthesis; consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms.

  • Evolution

    The process of change in populations over generations, explaining unity and diversity of life.

  • Three Domains of Life

    Bacteria, Archaea (both prokaryotes), and Eukarya (eukaryotes).

  • Natural Selection

    A mechanism of evolution where individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce more successfully; credited to Charles Darwin.

  • Scientific Method Steps

    Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, analysis, conclusion.

  • Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning

    Inductive: specific observations to general conclusions; Deductive: general principles to specific predictions.

  • Hypothesis vs Theory

    A hypothesis is a testable prediction; a theory is a well-supported, broad explanation.

  • Atom Structure

    Atoms consist of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, with electrons in orbitals around it.

  • Electron Shells

    Energy levels around the nucleus where electrons reside; determine chemical behavior.

  • Types of Chemical Bonds

    Ionic, covalent (polar and nonpolar), hydrogen, and van der Waals interactions.

  • Electronegativity

    The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a bond, influencing bond polarity.

  • Polar vs Nonpolar Molecules

    Polar molecules have uneven charge distribution (hydrophilic); nonpolar molecules have even charge (hydrophobic).

  • Properties of Water

    Water is polar, has high specific heat, evaporative cooling, ice floats due to hydrogen bonding, and is the solvent of life.

  • Acids and Bases

    Acids increase H+ concentration; bases increase OH- concentration; pH measures acidity.

  • Organic Compounds

    Carbon-based molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

  • Macromolecules, Polymers, and Monomers

    Macromolecules are large molecules made of repeating units called polymers, which are made of monomers.

  • Dehydration vs Hydrolysis

    Dehydration builds polymers by removing water; hydrolysis breaks polymers by adding water.

  • Protein Structure Levels

    Primary (sequence), secondary (alpha helices, beta sheets), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).

  • Denaturation

    Loss of protein structure and function due to environmental changes.