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General Biology Exam 1 Study Flashcards

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • What are the five unifying themes of biology?
    Organization, Information, Energy and Matter, Interactions, and Evolution.
  • What are emergent properties in biology?
    Properties that result from interactions and arrangements of parts in a system, linking structure and function.
  • List key characteristics of life.
    Order, Energy processing, Response to environment, Reproduction, Regulation, Growth and development, and Evolutionary adaptation.
  • What are the levels of biological organization from most to least inclusive?
    Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organism, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Organelle, Molecule.
  • What is systems biology?
    An approach to studying biology that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems.
  • What defines a cell in biology?
    The smallest unit that can carry out all attributes of life; living things are made of cells.
  • Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
    Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.
  • What is the role of DNA in life processes?
    DNA is the genetic material that stores information for synthesizing polypeptides and is transmitted across generations.
  • Define genomics and proteomics.
    Genomics studies genes of species; Proteomics studies proteins and their properties.
  • What is bioinformatics?
    The use of computers to analyze and interpret biological data.
  • How does energy flow and nutrients cycle in ecosystems?
    Energy flows through ecosystems; nutrients cycle within ecosystems; producers play a key role.
  • Name three types of symbiotic relationships.
    Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism.
  • What is negative feedback in biological systems?
    A process where a molecule shuts off its own production to maintain homeostasis, e.g., glucose regulation by insulin.
  • What is positive feedback? Give examples.
    A process that amplifies a response, less common; examples include blood clotting and uterine contractions during childbirth.
  • What is evolution's role in biology?
    Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life through species adapting to fill biological niches.
  • What are the three domains of life?
    Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • What is taxonomy?
    The naming and classification of living things, including ranks like domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
  • What is a hypothesis?
    A testable if...then statement used to make predictions in scientific inquiry.
  • Difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
    Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to general conclusions; deductive reasoning moves from general principles to specific predictions.
  • What are independent, dependent variables, constants, and controls in experiments?
    Independent variable: manipulated; Dependent variable: measured; Constants: kept the same; Control: baseline for comparison.
  • What is an element and an atom?
    An element is a substance that cannot be broken down; an atom is the smallest unit of an element.
  • What are the subatomic particles of an atom?
    Protons (+), Neutrons (neutral), and Electrons (-).
  • What are valence electrons?
    Electrons in the outermost shell available to participate in chemical bonding.
  • Difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
    Covalent bonds share electrons (polar or nonpolar); ionic bonds transfer electrons forming salts like NaCl.
  • What are hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions?
    Weak interactions; hydrogen bonds form between polar molecules; Van der Waals are weak attractions due to transient charges.
  • What are the four emergent properties of water?
    Cohesion, Specific heat, Evaporative cooling, and Solvent properties.
  • Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
    Hydrophilic: water-loving, polar; Hydrophobic: water-fearing, nonpolar.
  • What is pH and its scale?
    pH measures acidity on a scale from 0 to 14; pH = \(-\log[H^+]\).
  • What is a mole in chemistry?
    A quantity of 6.02 x 1023 atoms or molecules, known as Avogadro's number.