IndietroGeneral Biology Exam 1 Study Guide
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Termini in questo insieme (29)
Evolution is the change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations.
Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms.
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that provides structure and aids in cell movement.
Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance, such as water molecules sticking together.
Adhesion is the attraction between different substances, like water molecules sticking to plant cell walls.
Hydrophilic molecules are water-attracting and usually polar or charged.
Hydrophobic molecules repel water and are usually nonpolar.
A dehydration reaction is a chemical process that removes water to join two molecules together.
Hydrolysis is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Ionic bonds form by transfer of electrons; covalent bonds form by sharing electrons.
A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, causing partial charges.
A non-polar covalent bond is a covalent bond where electrons are shared equally.
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.
Van der Waals interactions are weak, temporary attractions between molecules due to fluctuating charges.
A hypothesis is a testable prediction; a scientific theory is a well-supported explanation of natural phenomena.
An experimental control is a standard for comparison in an experiment where the variable is not applied.
The four classes are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Primary (sequence), secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary (3D folding), and quaternary (multiple polypeptides).
Denaturation is caused by changes in pH, temperature, or chemicals disrupting protein structure.
All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material (DNA).
The nucleus stores DNA and coordinates cell activities like growth and reproduction.
Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.
Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration, providing energy for the cell.
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest macromolecules and recycle cellular waste.
The plasma membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to build diverse and complex molecules.