IndietroGeneral Biology Exam 1 Study Guide
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Termini in questo insieme (31)
Evolution, structure and function, information flow, energy transformations, and systems biology.
The cell is the smallest organized unit of life.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.
Energy ultimately comes from the sun.
New properties that arise at each level of biological organization due to interactions among parts.
Life stores and transmits information through DNA and RNA molecules.
Evolution is the change in populations over time; natural selection is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
A good hypothesis is testable, falsifiable, and based on prior knowledge or observations.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space; energy is the capacity to do work or cause change.
Elements are pure substances made of one type of atom; atoms are the smallest units of an element retaining its properties.
Protons (positive charge, define element), neutrons (neutral, affect isotope), electrons (negative, determine reactivity).
Valence electrons are electrons in the outer shell; they determine an atom's chemical reactivity.
Ionic bonds (transfer of electrons) and covalent bonds (sharing of electrons).
Polarity is uneven electron sharing; electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract electrons.
Ions are charged atoms; cations are positively charged; anions are negatively charged.
Cohesion, adhesion, temperature moderation, and ice floating.
Cohesion is water molecules sticking to each other; adhesion is water molecules sticking to other surfaces.
Ice is less dense than liquid water due to hydrogen bonding creating an open lattice.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture; solvent is the dissolving agent; solute is the substance dissolved.
pH measures hydrogen ion concentration; acids increase H+; bases decrease H+.
A buffer stabilizes pH by accepting or donating H+ ions.
Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing diverse and complex molecules.
Isomers have the same formula but different structures; enantiomers are mirror-image isomers important in biology.
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Polymers are large molecules made of repeating monomers (small units).
Dehydration synthesis forms polymers; hydrolysis breaks them down.
Monomers are monosaccharides; polymers are polysaccharides.
Saturated fats have no double bonds; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
Primary (sequence), secondary (alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).
DNA is a double helix with complementary base pairing; it stores genetic information.