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General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide

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Termini in questo insieme (31)

  • Emergent property
    A characteristic that arises from the interaction of simpler elements at a higher level of biological organization.
  • Levels of biological organization from molecule to ecosystem
    Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem.
  • Four elements making up >95% of human body mass
    Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
  • Polar covalent bond
    A bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms with different electronegativities, creating partial charges.
  • Hydrogen bond
    A weak bond between a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and an electronegative atom in another polar molecule.
  • Why water molecules have polar covalent bonds
    Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, electrons are shared unequally, creating partial charges.
  • Four emergent properties of water essential for life
    Cohesion, moderation of temperature, expansion upon freezing, and solvent abilities.
  • Hydrocarbon
    A molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • ATP and its importance
    A molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells, essential for cellular processes.
  • Dehydration synthesis
    A chemical reaction where water is removed to form a bond between monomers, creating polymers.
  • Hydrolysis reaction
    A chemical reaction where water is added to break bonds in polymers into monomers.
  • Monomers and polymers in biological macromolecules
    Monomers are single units; polymers are chains of monomers linked by covalent bonds.
  • Three types of lipids and their roles
    Triglycerides (energy storage), phospholipids (membrane formation), steroids (signaling molecules).
  • Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats
    Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds and are liquid.
  • Phospholipid structure and membrane formation
    Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming bilayers that make up cell membranes.
  • Basic structure of a steroid
    Four fused carbon rings; structure allows steroids to act as signaling molecules.
  • Monosaccharides vs. polysaccharides
    Monosaccharides are single sugar units (monomers); polysaccharides are long chains of sugars (polymers).
  • Nucleotide structure and nucleic acid backbone
    Nucleotides consist of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base; sugar-phosphate forms the backbone linked by phosphodiester bonds.
  • Amino acid structure
    Consists of an amino group, carboxyl group, and variable R group; peptide bonds form between amino and carboxyl groups.
  • Levels of protein structure
    Primary (sequence), secondary (alpha-helices and beta-sheets), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).
  • Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
    Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have both.
  • Common cell components in all cells
    Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes.
  • Endomembrane system components
    Rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.
  • Nucleus structure and function
    Contains DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope with pores for molecule transport.
  • Protein synthesis locations and fates
    Occurs on free and bound ribosomes; proteins may be used inside the cell, secreted, or embedded in membranes.
  • Differences between rough and smooth ER
    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
  • Golgi apparatus function and polarity
    Modifies, sorts, and ships proteins; cis side receives vesicles, trans side ships them out.
  • Mitochondria and chloroplast functions
    Mitochondria produce ATP via cellular respiration; chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis.
  • Endosymbiont theory
    Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
  • Functions of the cytoskeleton
    Maintains cell shape, enables movement, and organizes cell components; centrioles assist in cell division.
  • Types of cell junctions in plants and animals
    Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions in animals; plasmodesmata in plants.