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General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide

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Termini in questo insieme (31)

  • Biological community
    A group of interacting populations of different species living together in a defined area.
  • Prokaryotes
    Organisms without a nucleus, including bacteria and archaea.
  • Eukarya
    Domain of organisms with cells that contain a nucleus, including plants, animals, and fungi.
  • Reductionism
    Approach of studying complex systems by breaking them down into simpler components.
  • Flow of energy through an ecosystem
    Energy flows from the sun to producers, then to consumers, and finally to decomposers, with energy lost as heat.
  • Origin of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere
    Oxygen originated from photosynthetic organisms releasing O2 as a byproduct.
  • Charles Darwin's contribution
    Proposed natural selection as the mechanism for evolution, explaining unity and diversity of life.
  • Scientific hypothesis
    A testable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific question.
  • Controlled experiment
    An experiment where only one variable is changed while others are kept constant.
  • Qualitative vs Quantitative data
    Qualitative data describes qualities; quantitative data involves numerical measurements.
  • Covalent bonding
    Chemical bond formed by sharing electron pairs between atoms.
  • Polar covalent bonding
    A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, causing partial charges.
  • Ionic bonding
    Chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons, creating oppositely charged ions.
  • Hydrogen bonding
    Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.
  • Van der Waals interactions
    Weak, short-range forces between uncharged molecules due to transient dipoles.
  • Daltons
    Unit of atomic mass approximately equal to the mass of one proton or neutron.
  • Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic
    Hydrophilic molecules interact with water; hydrophobic molecules repel water.
  • Four most abundant elements in the human body
    Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
  • Parts of an atom
    Protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), electrons (negative).
  • Valence electrons
    Electrons in the outermost shell involved in chemical bonding.
  • Chemical equilibrium
    State where forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.
  • Acids, bases, buffers
    Acids donate H+ ions; bases accept H+ ions; buffers resist pH changes.
  • pH scale range and strong vs weak acids
    pH ranges from 0 to 14; strong acids dissociate completely, weak acids partially.
  • Hydrolysis reaction
    Chemical reaction that breaks bonds by adding water.
  • Dehydration reaction
    Chemical reaction that forms bonds by removing water.
  • Protein structures: primary, secondary, tertiary
    Primary: amino acid sequence; secondary: alpha helices and beta sheets; tertiary: 3D folding.
  • Peptide bonds
    Covalent bonds linking amino acids in a protein.
  • Cellulose and chitin
    Structural polysaccharides; cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi and exoskeletons.
  • Saturated vs unsaturated fats
    Saturated fats have no double bonds; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
  • Functional groups in amino acids
    Amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl group (-COOH) are always present.
  • Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
    Adenine, thymine (DNA only), uracil (RNA only), cytosine, guanine; A pairs with T or U, C pairs with G.