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General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide

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Termini in questo insieme (30)

  • Biological Community

    A biological community is all the populations of different species living and interacting in the same area.

  • Difference between Population, Community, and Ecosystem

    Population: members of the same species in an area.
    Community: multiple populations interacting.
    Ecosystem: community plus nonliving environment.

  • Characteristics of Bacteria

    Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotes with no nucleus, DNA in nucleoid region, can be beneficial or harmful, and found almost everywhere.

  • Archaea vs. Bacteria

    Both are prokaryotes, but archaea are genetically and chemically different and often live in extreme environments like hot, salty, or oxygen-free areas.

  • Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

    Prokaryotes: no nucleus, smaller, no membrane-bound organelles (Bacteria & Archaea).
    Eukaryotes: have nucleus, larger, membrane-bound organelles (Animals, plants, fungi, protists).

  • Domain Eukarya

    Domain containing organisms with eukaryotic cells, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

  • Reductionism

    Studying a complex system by breaking it down into smaller, simpler parts to understand the whole.

  • Flow of Energy Through an Ecosystem

    Energy flows from Sun → Producers → Consumers → Decomposers and does not cycle.

  • Origin of Oxygen in Earth’s Atmosphere

    Photosynthetic organisms, especially ancient cyanobacteria, released oxygen as a product of photosynthesis, leading to the Great Oxidation Event.

  • Differences between Plants, Animals, and Fungi

    Plants: photosynthetic, cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts.
    Animals: multicellular, no cell walls or chloroplasts.
    Fungi: heterotrophic, chitin cell walls, absorb nutrients.

  • Definition of Evolution

    Evolution is the change in characteristics of populations over generations.

  • Four Conditions for Natural Selection

    1) Individuals vary.
    2) Variation is heritable.
    3) More offspring produced than survive.
    4) Advantageous traits increase reproductive success.

  • Evolutionary Fitness

    Organism’s ability to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment; not just physical strength.

  • Scientific Method: Hypothesis

    A testable, possible explanation for an observation.

  • Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data

    Qualitative: descriptive, non-numerical.
    Quantitative: numerical measurements.

  • Atomic Number and Mass Number

    Atomic number: number of protons.
    Mass number: protons + neutrons.

  • Valence Electrons

    Electrons in the atom’s outermost energy level; determine chemical bonding behavior.

  • Isotopes

    Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

  • Types of Chemical Bonds

    Covalent: share electrons.
    Polar covalent: unequal sharing.
    Nonpolar covalent: equal sharing.
    Ionic: transfer electrons.
    Hydrogen bonds: weak attraction involving hydrogen.
    Van der Waals: weak temporary attractions.

  • Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic

    Hydrophilic: water-loving, polar or charged.
    Hydrophobic: water-fearing, nonpolar.

  • pH Scale

    0–6 acidic, 7 neutral, 8–14 basic; measures H⁺ concentration.

  • Buffers

    Substances that resist changes in pH to maintain stable internal conditions.

  • Four Most Abundant Elements in the Human Body

    Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N).

  • Dehydration vs. Hydrolysis Reactions

    Dehydration: joins molecules by removing water.
    Hydrolysis: breaks molecules by adding water.

  • Carbohydrate Types

    Monosaccharide: single sugar.
    Disaccharide: two sugars.
    Polysaccharide: many sugars.

  • Cellulose and Chitin

    Cellulose: plant cell walls, made of glucose, indigestible by humans.
    Chitin: fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.

  • Lipids and Their Types

    Hydrophobic molecules including fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.

  • Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

    Saturated: no double bonds, straight chains.
    Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, bent chains.

  • Protein Structure Levels

    1° sequence, 2° local folds (α-helix, β-sheet), 3° 3D shape, 4° multiple polypeptide chains.

  • Nucleic Acids and Their Bases

    DNA: A, T, C, G.
    RNA: A, U, C, G.
    DNA has thymine; RNA has uracil.