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General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-4)

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Termini in questo insieme (30)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

  • What are the subtypes of anatomy?

    Gross/macroscopic, regional, systemic, surface, microscopic (cytology, histology), developmental (embryology), pathological, and radiographic anatomy.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the function of the body and its parts.

  • What does complementarity of structure and function mean?

    Function depends on structure; for example, sharp incisors are ideal for cutting due to their shape.

  • List the levels of structural organization in the body.

    Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal levels.

  • What are the necessary life functions?

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

  • What are the survival needs of the body?

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Body's ability to maintain a dynamic state of equilibrium in its internal environment.

  • What are the main parts of a feedback system?

    Receptor (detects stimulus), afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, and effector (produces response).

  • Difference between negative and positive feedback?

    Negative feedback reverses a stimulus to maintain homeostasis; positive feedback exaggerates the stimulus, often causing imbalance.

  • What is the correct anatomical position?

    Standing erect, feet flat, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

  • Define the sagittal plane.

    Vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sections; midsagittal divides equally.

  • What does the dorsal body cavity contain?

    Contains the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral/spinal cavity (spinal cord).

  • What are the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?

    Thoracic cavity (pleural cavities for lungs, mediastinum with pericardial cavity for heart) and abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic cavities).

  • What is the function of serous membranes?

    Double-layered membranes that reduce friction between organs and cavity walls by secreting serous fluid.

  • What is matter?

    Anything that occupies space and has mass.

  • What is potential energy vs kinetic energy?

    Potential energy is stored energy; kinetic energy is energy in motion.

  • What are the three types of chemical bonds?

    Ionic (electron transfer), covalent (electron sharing), and hydrogen bonds (weak attractions).

  • What is an enzyme and its function?

    Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, lowering activation energy and speeding up chemical reactions.

  • What is the pH range of human blood?

    7.35 to 7.45, slightly basic.

  • What are the four main types of tissues?

    Epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

  • What is the function of tight junctions?

    Impermeable junctions that prevent substances from passing between cells, found in epithelial linings like intestines.

  • What is simple diffusion?

    Passive movement of lipid-soluble particles or gases from high to low concentration.

  • What is osmosis?

    Movement of water across a membrane from high to low water concentration.

  • What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions?

    Hypertonic causes cells to shrink, hypotonic causes cells to swell and burst, isotonic causes no change in cell volume.

  • What is the function of the mitochondrion?

    Produces ATP through cellular respiration; known as the powerhouse of the cell.

  • What is the role of ribosomes?

    Sites of protein synthesis containing ribosomal RNA.

  • What occurs during mitosis?

    Cell division producing two daughter cells; phases include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

  • What is transcription?

    Process of making mRNA from a DNA template.

  • What is translation?

    Synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template.