Skip to main content
Indietro

General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide (Chapters 1-5)

I pulsanti di controllo sono stati cambiati in modalità "navigazione".
1/26

Termini in questo insieme (26)

  • Properties of life

    Characteristics that define living organisms: order, regulation, growth and development, energy processing, response to environment, reproduction, and evolution.

  • Levels of biological organization

    Hierarchy from smallest to largest: molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

  • Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells

    Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.

  • Domains: Eukarya vs Archaea vs Bacteria

    Eukarya have eukaryotic cells; Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes but differ in membrane lipids and genetics.

  • Scientific method, hypotheses, and theories

    Scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusion. A hypothesis is a testable prediction; a theory is a well-supported explanation.

  • Evolution

    Change in heritable traits of populations over generations, driven by natural selection and genetic variation.

  • Atomic charge and mass

    Atoms consist of protons (+), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (-). Mass is mostly from protons and neutrons.

  • Valence shells

    The outermost electron shell of an atom; determines chemical reactivity and bonding.

  • Electronegativity

    Measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a bond; influences bond type and polarity.

  • Atoms, isotopes, ions, elements, and molecules

    Atoms are basic units; isotopes differ in neutron number; ions have charge; elements are pure substances; molecules are bonded atoms.

  • Properties of water important to life

    Water is cohesive, adhesive, has high specific heat, expands when frozen, and is a universal solvent.

  • Covalent, ionic, Van der Waals, and hydrogen bonds

    Covalent bonds share electrons; ionic bonds transfer electrons; hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules; Van der Waals are weak, transient attractions.

  • pH

    Measure of hydrogen ion concentration; pH 7 is neutral, below 7 acidic, above 7 basic.

  • Ocean acidification

    Decrease in ocean pH due to increased CO2 absorption, harming marine life.

  • Organic compounds/chemistry

    Compounds mainly made of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and others.

  • Types of isomers

    Structural isomers differ in covalent arrangement; cis-trans isomers differ in spatial arrangement; enantiomers are mirror images.

  • Functional groups

    Specific groups of atoms with characteristic properties, e.g., hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl.

  • Hydrocarbons

    Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen, often hydrophobic and energy-rich.

  • ATP and ADP

    ATP stores energy in phosphate bonds; ADP is ATP after losing a phosphate, releasing energy.

  • Carbohydrates: structure and function

    Composed of monosaccharides; function as energy sources and structural materials.

  • Proteins: structure and function

    Polymers of amino acids; functions include enzymes, structure, transport, and signaling.

  • Nucleic acids: structure and function

    Polymers of nucleotides; store and transmit genetic information (DNA, RNA).

  • Lipids: structure and function

    Hydrophobic molecules including fats, phospholipids, and steroids; function in energy storage and membranes.

  • Why lipids are not true polymers

    Lipids are not made of repeating monomers linked by covalent bonds, unlike carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

  • Protein structure levels

    Primary: amino acid sequence; secondary: alpha helices and beta sheets; tertiary: 3D folding; quaternary: multiple polypeptides.

  • Protein function related to structure

    Protein function depends on its 3D shape, determined by its primary to quaternary structure levels.