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General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide

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Termini in questo insieme (42)

  • Criteria for what makes something alive

    Living things must have cellular organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and adaptation through evolution.

  • Five unifying themes in biology

    Evolution, structure and function, information flow, energy transformations, and systems biology.

  • Levels of biological organization

    Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere. Example: cell - neuron; organ - heart.

  • Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

    Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles.

  • Genes, nucleotides, and gene expression

    Genes are DNA segments; nucleotides are DNA building blocks; gene expression is making proteins from genes via transcription and translation.

  • Basic definitions of transcription and translation

    Transcription: DNA to RNA; translation: RNA to protein.

  • Energy flow in biology

    Energy flows from the sun to producers to consumers, and is lost as heat in each transfer.

  • Three domains of life and examples

    Archaea (extremophiles), Bacteria (E. coli), Eukarya (plants, animals, fungi, protists).

  • Four kingdoms of Eukarya and examples

    Protists (algae), Fungi (mushrooms), Plantae (trees), Animalia (mammals).

  • Darwin’s main points about natural selection

    Variation exists; more offspring are produced than survive; survival depends on traits; favorable traits increase over generations.

  • Natural selection and evolution relationship

    Natural selection is a mechanism that drives evolution, the change in allele frequencies over time.

  • Phylogenetic trees

    Diagrams showing evolutionary relationships; branches represent common ancestors.

  • Scientific method steps

    Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, analysis, conclusion.

  • Subatomic particles involved in chemical reactions

    Electrons are involved in chemical bonding and reactions.

  • Calculating protons, neutrons, electrons

    Protons = atomic number; Neutrons = mass number - atomic number; Electrons = protons (neutral atom).

  • Electron capacity of atomic shells

    First shell: 2 electrons; second shell: 8 electrons; third shell: 8 electrons (for most elements).

  • Meaning of cis and trans in chemistry

    Cis: same side; trans: opposite side of a double bond or molecule.

  • Beneficial applications of unstable isotopes

    Used in medical imaging, cancer treatment, and dating fossils.

  • Types of chemical bonds and where found

    Ionic (salts), covalent (molecules), hydrogen (water), Van der Waals (molecules close together).

  • Polarity and nonpolarity

    Polar molecules have uneven charge distribution; nonpolar molecules have even charge distribution.

  • Van der Waals interactions

    Weak attractions between molecules due to transient charge differences.

  • Properties of water molecule

    Polar, forms hydrogen bonds, cohesive, adhesive, high specific heat, expands when frozen.

  • Four characteristics of water

    Cohesion, moderation of temperature, expansion upon freezing, solvent properties.

  • Specific heat formula for water

    Specific heat = amount of heat absorbed / (mass × temperature change).

  • How water moderates temperature

    Water absorbs/releases heat slowly due to hydrogen bonding, stabilizing temperatures.

  • Evaporative cooling

    Heat is lost when water evaporates, cooling the surface.

  • Properties of acidic and basic conditions

    Acids increase H+ concentration; bases increase OH- concentration in solution.

  • Why ocean acidification harms marine life

    Lower pH reduces carbonate ions needed for shell and skeleton formation.

  • Organic chemistry definition

    Study of carbon-containing compounds and their reactions.

  • Why carbon is basis for biological molecules

    Carbon forms four stable covalent bonds, allowing complex, diverse molecules.

  • Valence of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon

    Oxygen: 2; Hydrogen: 1; Nitrogen: 3; Carbon: 4 valence electrons.

  • Seven important functional groups in life chemistry

    Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl groups.

  • ATP overview

    Adenosine triphosphate stores and transfers energy in cells.

  • Stanley Miller experiment

    Simulated early Earth conditions, producing organic molecules from inorganic precursors.

  • Classes of macromolecules that are polymers

    Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids; lipids are not polymers.

  • Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis

    Dehydration links monomers by removing water; hydrolysis breaks bonds by adding water.

  • Types of carbohydrates

    Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.

  • Aldoses and ketoses

    Aldoses have an aldehyde group; ketoses have a ketone group.

  • Asymmetric carbon

    A carbon attached to four different groups, creating chirality.

  • Storage polysaccharides

    Starch in plants, glycogen in animals.

  • Structural polysaccharides

    Cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi and animals.

  • Fats, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids

    Fats store energy; saturated fatty acids have no double bonds; unsaturated have double bonds; phospholipids form membranes; steroids have four rings.