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General Biology Exam #2 Review

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  • Which material is hydrophobic?
    Oil is hydrophobic, meaning it repels water.
  • What types of bonds are hydrophilic?
    Covalent polar bonds and ionic bonds are hydrophilic, meaning they attract water.
  • What causes cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension in water?
    Hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause these properties.
  • What happens during evaporative cooling on a hot day with low humidity?
    Water evaporates faster from the skin, helping to cool the skin.
  • What does a pH of 13 in a 0.57 M solution indicate?
    The substance is a strong base that dissociates completely in water.
  • If pH decreases from 12 to 10, what changes occur?
    The concentration of H+ ions increases by one hundred-fold (100x).
  • What is the pH when H+ and OH- concentrations are equal?
    The pH is neutral.
  • What is ocean acidification?
    Increased CO2 forms carbonic acid, releasing H+ that reduces carbonate ions, softening shells and coral.
  • Which physical property is important for a car coolant?
    Specific heat capacity is key to absorb a great deal of heat.
  • Why does ice float on liquid water?
    Stable hydrogen bonds keep ice molecules farther apart, making ice less dense.
  • What type of bonds hold hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule?
    Polar covalent bonds connect the atoms within a water molecule.
  • Three major differences between DNA and RNA?
    DNA has deoxyribose, uses thymine, and is double-stranded; RNA has ribose, uses uracil, and is single-stranded.
  • What type of lipid is found in cell membranes?
    Phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails form membranes.
  • Difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances?
    Hydrophilic substances are polar; hydrophobic substances are nonpolar.
  • Relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
    Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart.
  • Which polysaccharide is important in animals and fungi structure?
    Chitin is a structural polysaccharide in animals and fungi.
  • Is lactose a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide?
    Lactose is a disaccharide.
  • Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
    Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are solid; unsaturated have one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.
  • What part of an amino acid gives it its distinct character?
    The R group (side chain) determines amino acid properties.
  • Which molecules pass most easily through cell membranes?
    Small and hydrophobic molecules pass most easily.
  • Match bond types to macromolecules: peptide, glycosidic, ester, phosphodiester.
    Peptide bond → protein; Glycosidic bond → carbohydrate; Ester linkage → lipid; Phosphodiester bond → nucleic acid.
  • Which is not a polymer: glucose, starch, RNA, DNA?
    Glucose is a monomer, not a polymer.
  • Monomers of carbohydrates are?
    Monosaccharides are carbohydrate monomers.
  • Unsaturated and saturated refer to which lipid part?
    They refer to the fatty acids.
  • Protein structural level least affected by hydrogen bond disruption?
    The primary level is least affected.
  • Central dogma of molecular biology?
    DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein.
  • Where is uracil (U) and thymine (T) found?
    Uracil is in RNA; thymine is in DNA.
  • Force driving simple diffusion and energy source for active transport?
    Simple diffusion is driven by the concentration gradient; active transport uses ATP.
  • What process do white blood cells use to engulf bacteria?
    Phagocytosis is used by white blood cells.
  • Why does carbon have a valency of 4?
    Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell available to form covalent bonds.
  • In the cell and solution with 90% water inside and 70% outside, which way does water move?
    Water moves out of the cell by osmosis due to higher water concentration inside.