Skip to main content
Indietro

General Biology Exam 2 Study Guide

I pulsanti di controllo sono stati cambiati in modalità "navigazione".
1/27

Termini in questo insieme (27)

  • Dehydration synthesis

    Dehydration synthesis is a condensation reaction where monomers are joined by removing a water molecule, forming a covalent bond.

  • Hydrolysis reaction

    Hydrolysis is the process of breaking polymers into monomers by adding water, breaking covalent bonds.

  • Monomers of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

    Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, Proteins: amino acids, Nucleic acids: nucleotides.

  • Glycosidic linkage

    A glycosidic linkage is the covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides during dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides.

  • Examples of polysaccharides and their functions

    Starch: plant energy storage, glycogen: animal energy storage, cellulose: plant cell wall structure, chitin: exoskeleton structure in arthropods.

  • Phospholipid structure and amphipathic nature

    Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails, making them amphipathic, essential for cell membrane bilayer formation.

  • Saturated vs unsaturated fats

    Saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.

  • Four levels of protein structure

    Primary: amino acid sequence; Secondary: coils/folds; Tertiary: 3D shape from side chain interactions; Quaternary: multiple polypeptides.

  • Denaturation of proteins

    Denaturation is the loss of protein structure and function due to external stress like heat; sometimes reversible, sometimes not.

  • DNA vs RNA differences

    DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose sugar and thymine; RNA is single-stranded with ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine.

  • Cell theory main points

    All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; new cells arise from existing cells.

  • Features common to all cells

    All cells have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a plasma membrane.

  • Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

    Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles and nucleus; eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.

  • Functions of the nucleus

    The nucleus controls cell metabolism, contains chromosomes (DNA), and has a nucleolus that produces ribosomes.

  • Rough vs smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals.

  • Golgi apparatus function

    The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids from the ER to other parts of the cell.

  • Mitochondria function

    Mitochondria metabolize glucose and produce ATP, the cell's energy currency.

  • Chloroplast function

    Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis, converting sunlight, CO2, and water into glucose in plant cells.

  • Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane

    The plasma membrane is a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates forming a mosaic.

  • Passive transport types

    Includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion; moves substances down concentration gradients without energy.

  • Active transport characteristics

    Requires ATP to move substances against concentration gradients using carrier proteins like pumps.

  • Sodium-potassium pump

    Uses ATP to expel 3 Na+ ions and import 2 K+ ions, maintaining cell ion balance and membrane potential.

  • Endocytosis types

    Pinocytosis (liquid uptake), phagocytosis (large particle uptake), and receptor-mediated endocytosis (targeted uptake).

  • Osmosis and tonicity effects on cells

    Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions; animal cells may lyse or crenate; plant cells become turgid or plasmolyzed.

  • Aquaporins

    Channel proteins that facilitate rapid water movement across cell membranes during osmosis.

  • Cell wall vs extracellular matrix

    Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall for support; animal cells have an extracellular matrix for structural support.

  • Plasmodesmata and animal cell junctions

    Plasmodesmata are channels between plant cells; animal cells have tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.