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General Biology Exam I Review

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Termini in questo insieme (32)

  • Taxonomical categories order
    From most broad to most specific: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
  • Definition of a hypothesis
    A testable and falsifiable statement that explains a phenomenon; needed to guide scientific experiments.
  • Types of variables in controlled experiments
    Independent variable is manipulated; dependent variable is measured; controlled variables are kept constant.
  • Why controlled experiments are necessary
    To isolate the effect of the independent variable by keeping other factors constant.
  • Conditions for accepting or rejecting a hypothesis
    Hypothesis is accepted if experimental results support it; rejected if results contradict it.
  • States of matter and atomic behavior
    Solid: atoms tightly packed; liquid: atoms close but move freely; gas: atoms far apart and move rapidly.
  • Covalent bond definition and example
    A bond formed by sharing electron pairs; example: methane (CH4).
  • Ionic bond definition and example
    A bond formed by transfer of electrons creating charged ions; example: sodium chloride (NaCl).
  • Hydrogen bond definition and example
    A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom; example: water (H2O).
  • Definition of an isotope
    Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
  • Roles of water in living organisms
    Solvent, temperature buffer, reactant in chemical reactions, and medium for transport.
  • Subunits of organic polymers
    Carbohydrates: monosaccharides; nucleic acids: nucleotides; proteins: amino acids; lipids: glycerol and fatty acids.
  • Protein structure levels
    Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helices, beta sheets), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).
  • Role of ATP in cells
    Primary energy currency that stores and transfers energy for cellular processes.
  • Function of enzymes
    Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
  • Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
    Prokaryotes lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have both.
  • Significance of cell size and surface-to-volume ratio
    Smaller cells have higher surface-to-volume ratio, allowing efficient nutrient and waste exchange.
  • Functions of the cytoskeleton
    Provides cell shape, support, and movement; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
  • Non-membranous vs. membranous organelles
    Non-membranous: ribosomes, cytoskeleton; membranous: nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus.
  • Protein synthesis pathway
    Proteins are made in ribosomes, processed in rough ER, modified in Golgi, then sent to their destination.
  • Characteristics of the nucleus
    Contains DNA, surrounded by double membrane with pores, controls cell activities.
  • Structure of the cell membrane
    Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails inward, forming a semi-permeable barrier.
  • Proteins in the cell membrane
    Function as channels, carriers, receptors, enzymes, and anchors for the cytoskeleton.
  • Fluid Mosaic Model
    Describes membrane as a fluid phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that move laterally.
  • Definition of diffusion
    Movement of molecules from high to low concentration due to random motion.
  • Facilitated diffusion
    Passive transport using membrane proteins to move molecules that cannot diffuse freely; example: glucose transport.
  • Active vs. passive transport
    Active transport requires energy to move substances against gradient; passive transport does not.
  • Definition of osmosis
    Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane toward higher solute concentration.
  • Effects of hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions on cells
    Hypertonic: cell shrinks; hypotonic: cell swells; isotonic: cell remains stable.
  • Na/K pump function
    Active transport that moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell to maintain concentration gradients.
  • Endocytosis and exocytosis
    Endocytosis brings materials into the cell; exocytosis expels materials out.
  • Three types of cell junctions
    Tight junctions: seal cells; desmosomes: anchor cells; gap junctions: allow communication.