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General Biology Exam II Review

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Termini in questo insieme (23)

  • Define kinetic and potential energy with examples.
    Kinetic energy is energy of motion (e.g., moving molecules). Potential energy is stored energy (e.g., chemical bonds in glucose).
  • What is the 1st law of thermodynamics and its relevance to living organisms?
    Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Living organisms convert energy from one form to another but total energy remains constant.
  • What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics and its relevance to living organisms?
    Entropy (disorder) increases in the universe. Organisms maintain order locally by increasing entropy elsewhere, requiring energy input.
  • What is an enzyme and how does it function in cells?
    An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy, speeding up reactions without being consumed.
  • What factors affect enzyme function?
    Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors affect enzyme activity by altering enzyme shape or availability.
  • Compare competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition.
    Competitive inhibitors bind the active site, blocking substrate. Non-competitive inhibitors bind elsewhere, changing enzyme shape and function.
  • Name coenzymes used in photosynthesis and respiration and their role.
    NADP+ in photosynthesis and NAD+/FAD in respiration transfer electrons and energy between molecules.
  • Write the overall equation for photosynthesis.
    6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
  • Write the overall equation for cellular respiration.
    C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
  • What is the purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
    Light reactions convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH) and produce oxygen by splitting water.
  • Name key components of the light reactions in the thylakoid membrane.
    Photosystem II (PS II), Electron Transport Chain (ETC), Photosystem I (PS I), ATP synthase, and the H+ gradient.
  • What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions)?
    The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix CO2 into glucose and other carbohydrates.
  • Which wavelengths of light are absorbed by chlorophyll pigments?
    Chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue (~450 nm) and red (~680 nm) wavelengths of light.
  • Define phosphorylation and give an example in cells.
    Phosphorylation is adding a phosphate group to a molecule, e.g., ATP synthesis during cellular respiration.
  • Define oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and give an example.
    Redox reactions involve electron transfer; e.g., NAD+ is reduced to NADH during respiration.
  • What are the main sources of atmospheric CO2?
    Respiration, decomposition, volcanic activity, and human activities like burning fossil fuels.
  • What is the function of the electron transport chain (ETC) in photosynthesis and respiration?
    ETC transfers electrons to create a proton gradient used to produce ATP.
  • Name the phases of the cell cycle and their main events.
    G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (preparation), M (mitosis and cytokinesis).
  • Identify the phases of mitosis.
    Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
  • Describe the characteristics of the human genome.
    Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), diploid cells, chromosomes are linear and packaged into chromatin.
  • How is DNA packaged in the cell?
    DNA wraps around histones forming nucleosomes; euchromatin is loosely packed and active, heterochromatin is tightly packed and inactive.
  • What effects do independent assortment and crossing over have during meiosis?
    They increase genetic variability by shuffling alleles and exchanging chromosome segments.
  • Compare mitosis and meiosis.
    Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells for growth; meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid gametes.