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General Biology: Foundations and Chemical Principles of Life

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • What are the six unifying themes of biological life?

    The six unifying themes are order, evolutionary adaptation, response to environment, regulation, energy processing, and growth and development.

  • What are the seven processes that define living organisms?

    The seven processes are order, evolutionary adaptation, response to environment, regulation, energy processing, growth and development, and reproduction.

  • Difference between reductionist and systems biology approaches

    Reductionist breaks complex systems into parts; systems biology studies interactions and emergent properties of the whole system.

  • Basic tenets of cell theory

    All living organisms are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells; genetic material directs cell functions.

  • What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

    Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, describing gene expression.

  • How does energy flow in biological systems?

    Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction, entering as sunlight and exiting as heat, while matter cycles within the system.

  • What are feedback mechanisms in biology?

    Processes where output of a system influences its own activity; includes negative feedback (stabilizing) and positive feedback (amplifying).

  • Key observations of Darwin’s natural selection theory

    Variation exists in populations; more offspring are produced than survive; survival and reproduction depend on traits; advantageous traits accumulate over generations.

  • Steps of the basic scientific process

    1. Observation, 2. Question, 3. Hypothesis, 4. Experiment, 5. Data analysis, 6. Conclusion.

  • Difference between inductive and deductive reasoning

    Inductive: generalizing from specific observations; deductive: predicting specific results from general principles.

  • Facets of a controlled experiment

    Includes control group, experimental group, independent variable (manipulated), and dependent variable (measured).

  • Qualities of a strong scientific hypothesis

    Must be testable, falsifiable, and replicable.

  • Role of model organisms in biology

    Model organisms help study biological processes due to their simplicity, genetic tractability, and relevance to other species.

  • Define matter, elements, compounds, atoms, and subatomic particles

    Matter is anything with mass and volume; elements are pure substances; compounds are combinations of elements; atoms are smallest units of elements; subatomic particles include protons, neutrons, and electrons.

  • Significance of atomic number, atomic mass, and isotopes

    Atomic number = number of protons; atomic mass = protons + neutrons; isotopes are atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers.

  • Relationship between potential energy and electron movement

    Electrons farther from the nucleus have higher potential energy; energy changes when electrons move between shells.

  • Describe electron shells and valence shells

    Electrons occupy shells around the nucleus; the outermost shell is the valence shell, important for chemical bonding.

  • Types of chemical bonds and interactions

    Covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions differ in strength and role in molecules.

  • Difference between single and double covalent bonds

    Single bonds share one pair of electrons; double bonds share two pairs, affecting molecule shape and reactivity.

  • Importance of electronegativity and polarity in bonds

    Electronegativity differences cause polar or nonpolar covalent bonds, influencing molecule behavior and interactions.

  • Four essential properties of water for life

    Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, and solvent abilities are key water properties supporting life.

  • Role of hydrogen bonds in water's properties

    Hydrogen bonds cause water's cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion, enabling many biological functions.

  • Difference between acids and bases in water

    Acids increase H+ concentration; bases increase OH- concentration; both affect pH and biological systems.

  • Basic structure of the pH scale

    pH measures hydrogen ion concentration; scale ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 neutral.

  • Function of buffers in biological systems

    Buffers maintain stable pH by reversibly accepting or donating H+ ions.

  • What is a carbon skeleton in organic molecules?

    Carbon skeleton is the chain or ring of carbon atoms forming the backbone of organic molecules.

  • Types of organic isomers

    Structural isomers differ in covalent arrangement; cis-trans isomers differ in spatial arrangement; enantiomers are mirror images.

  • Seven functional groups in organic chemistry (CASHCMP)

    Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Methyl, and Phosphate groups affect molecule properties.