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General Biology: Inside the Cell

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  • Why are microscopes necessary in biology?
    Microbes and many cellular structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye, so microscopes are used to visualize them.
  • What are the two main types of microscopes?
    Light microscopes use visible light to magnify objects, while electron microscopes use electron beams for higher magnification.
  • Difference between Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?
    SEM visualizes external cell surfaces; TEM visualizes internal cell structures.
  • What are the two broadest cell types in life?
    Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Which domains of life are prokaryotic?
    Bacteria and Archaea are classified as prokaryotes.
  • Where is bacterial DNA located?
    In the nucleoid region, not enclosed by a membrane.
  • What is a key difference in ribosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
    Prokaryotes have small 70S ribosomes; eukaryotes have larger 80S ribosomes.
  • What organelle packages genetic material in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotes?
    The nucleus packages and protects DNA in eukaryotic cells.
  • Name three common features shared by all cells.
    Contain DNA, have a cell membrane or wall, and contain cytoplasm.
  • What are ribosomes and their function?
    Ribosomes are molecular machines that synthesize proteins in all living cells.
  • Difference between free and bound ribosomes?
    Free ribosomes float in the cytoplasm; bound ribosomes are attached to the rough ER.
  • What are the two organelles that produce cellular energy in eukaryotes?
    Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
  • What is ATP and its role?
    Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule that powers cellular reactions.
  • Describe the structure of mitochondria.
    Mitochondria have two membranes: an outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae, with a matrix inside containing DNA and enzymes.
  • What process occurs in chloroplasts?
    Photosynthesis, which uses sunlight to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
  • What are thylakoids and grana in chloroplasts?
    Thylakoids are membrane-bound sacs; grana are stacks of thylakoids.
  • What is the endomembrane system?
    A group of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells involved in protein secretion and cellular digestion.
  • What is the role of the nucleus in protein secretion?
    The nucleus stores DNA and transcribes it into RNA, which codes for proteins.
  • Difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
    Rough ER has ribosomes and folds proteins; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.
  • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
    It processes, packages, and ships proteins and lipids received from the ER.
  • What are lysosomes and peroxisomes?
    Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down debris; peroxisomes break down toxic compounds and fatty acids.
  • What is the central vacuole in plant cells?
    A large vesicle that recycles molecules and maintains turgor pressure by storing water.
  • What is the cytoskeleton and its main components?
    A network of proteins providing cell shape, structure, and transport; main components are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
  • What structures use microtubules for movement?
    Cilia (short, hair-like) and flagella (long, whip-like) provide cell movement.