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General Biology Key Concepts

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  • What are the 5 unifying themes of life?

    1. organization and order 2. transmission of info in the form of dna 3. transformation of energy and matter 4. interactions at different levels 5. evolution

  • What are the levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?

    Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

  • Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

    Prokaryotic: No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
    Eukaryotic: Has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

  • Describe the flow of gene expression

    DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into amino acids to form proteins.

  • Name 3 different ways organisms obtain energy

    1. Photosynthesis/ solar energy 2. consume producers or other consumers 3. absorbs nutrients from nonliving materials

  • Order of ranks from domain to species

    Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

  • What are the 3 domains of life and which belong to Eukarya?

    Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
    Eukarya includes: Protists, plants, fungi, animals

  • Define evolution and natural selection

    Evolution: Change in heritable traits of populations over generations
    Natural selection: Differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to trait differences

  • Difference between qualitative and quantitative data

    Qualitative: Descriptive data
    Quantitative: Numerical data

  • What is a model organism?

    A species extensively studied to understand biological processes applicable to other organisms.

  • Define matter, element, compound, and atom

    Matter: Anything with mass and volume
    Element: Pure substance of one type of atom
    Compound: Substance of two or more elements chemically combined
    Atom: Smallest unit of an element

  • Which elements make up most living matter?

    Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)

  • Subatomic particles: charges and locations

    Protons: Positive, nucleus
    Neutrons: Neutral, nucleus
    Electrons: Negative, electron cloud

  • Difference between atomic number and mass number

    Atomic number: Number of protons
    Mass number: Protons + neutrons

  • What are isotopes?

    Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

  • Define valence shell and orbital

    Valence shell: Outer electron shell
    Orbital: Region where electrons are likely found

  • Types of chemical bonds

    Nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, hydrogen, van der Waals interactions

  • What is electronegativity?

    The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

  • Structure and bonding in a water molecule

    Water has polar covalent bonds between H and O; hydrogen bonds form between molecules.

  • Four important properties of water

    Cohesion, high specific heat, water expands when it freezes, solvent abilities

  • Difference between thermal energy and temperature

    Thermal energy: Total kinetic energy of particles
    Temperature: Average kinetic energy

  • Define hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

    Hydrophobic: Water-fearing, nonpolar
    Hydrophilic: Water-loving, polar or charged

  • Difference between acid and base

    Acid: Donates (increases) H+ ions Base: Accepts (lowers) H+ ions

  • Typical pH of body fluids and blood

    Body fluids usually 6-8; blood pH is tightly regulated around 7.35-7.45

  • Why is ocean acidification harmful?

    It lowers pH, harming marine life and disrupting ecosystems.

  • Carbon's bonding properties

    Carbon has 4 valence electrons and forms 4 covalent bonds with various atoms.

  • How do carbon skeletons vary?

    They vary in length, branching, double bond position, and ring formation.

  • What are hydrocarbons and why are they important?

    Compounds of only carbon and hydrogen; important as energy sources and structural components.

  • Types of isomers

    Structural isomers and geometric (cis-trans) isomers

  • Name 2 chemical groups that attach to carbon and their formulas

    Hydroxyl group: -OH
    Carboxyl group: -COOH