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General Biology: Key Concepts and Processes

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  • What are carbohydrates and their role in living organisms?
    Carbohydrates are large, complex molecules like cellulose that form much of the structure of plants. Glucose, a simple carbohydrate, acts as an energy source for all living cells.
  • What are lipids and their biological importance?
    Lipids include fats like coconut oil, which is rich in fat and an important dietary staple, and cholesterol, a lipid circulating in the bloodstream that helps make steroid hormones.
  • What are proteins and examples of their functions?
    Proteins include enzymes like hexokinase that catalyze chemical reactions, and structural proteins like keratin found in hair, nails, and skin.
  • What are nucleic acids and their roles?
    DNA is the hereditary material of all life on Earth, while RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and other parts of the cell, found in all cell types.
  • Describe the structure of DNA.
    DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate, sugar, and base. Bases pair specifically: adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine.
  • What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?
    Both have a nucleus and organelles, but plant cells have a cell wall and large central vacuole, while animal cells do not.
  • What organ systems are affected by COVID-19?
    COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system but can impact multiple organ systems including cardiovascular and nervous systems.
  • What is the function of mitochondria in cells?
    Mitochondria generate ATP by converting glucose and oxygen into energy, essential for cellular functions.
  • What is the scientific method in biology?
    It involves making observations, forming a hypothesis, making predictions, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions.
  • What is PCR and its purpose in biology?
    Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplifies DNA sequences by repeated cycles of heating, cooling, and DNA synthesis using Taq polymerase.
  • How does gel electrophoresis separate DNA fragments?
    DNA fragments are placed in agarose gel and an electric current is applied; smaller fragments move faster through the gel.
  • What is a tumor suppressor gene?
    A gene that protects cells from turning cancerous by regulating cell growth and division.
  • What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
    Dominant alleles express their trait when present, while recessive alleles only express the trait when two copies are present.
  • What is a genotype?
    The genetic makeup of an organism, representing the combination of alleles.
  • What is a phenotype?
    The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by genotype and environment.
  • What is the role of Taq polymerase in PCR?
    Taq polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to primers during PCR cycles.
  • What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
    Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four genetically diverse haploid cells.
  • What is a pedigree chart used for?
    A diagram showing the inheritance of traits across generations in a family.
  • What is the role of hexokinase?
    An enzyme that catalyzes the first step in glucose metabolism by phosphorylating glucose.
  • How does oxygen enter cells and why is it needed?
    Oxygen diffuses into cells to help convert glucose into ATP during cellular respiration.