IndietroGeneral Biology Module 1 Study Guide
Termini in questo insieme (28)
Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus; DNA is located in the nucleoid region. Examples include bacteria and archaea.
Cells with a membrane-bound nucleus containing most of their DNA.
The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
Process of making RNA using DNA as a template.
Process where mRNA is used to build a polypeptide (protein).
A chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons; can be nonpolar (equal sharing) or polar (unequal sharing).
Attraction between oppositely charged ions formed after electron transfer.
Weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.
Unequal distribution of electrical charge; oxygen is partially negative (δ−) and hydrogens are partially positive (δ+).
Attraction between molecules of the same substance, such as water molecules sticking together.
Attraction between molecules of different substances, like water molecules sticking to plant vessel walls.
A large molecule built from smaller subunits, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Monomer: small molecular subunit; Polymer: large molecule made of linked monomers.
Energy, energy storage, and structural support.
Joins molecules by removing water, building larger biological molecules.
Breaks chemical bonds by adding water, breaking down molecules.
Saturated have no double bonds and pack tightly; unsaturated have double bonds causing bends that lower melting points.
Molecule with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; forms bilayers in water with tails inward.
Specific amino acid sequence connected by peptide bonds.
Change in protein shape causing loss of function; secondary and tertiary structures disrupted but primary remains if peptide bonds intact.
Region where substrate binds and the reaction occurs.
Molecule that competes with substrate for binding at the enzyme's active site.
DNA: A, T, C, G; RNA: A, U, C, G.
DNA: A pairs with T, G pairs with C; RNA: A pairs with U, G pairs with C.
DNA lacks 2′ hydroxyl group making it chemically more stable and is double-stranded allowing repair and replication.
Enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose.
Insufficient lactase activity causing undigested lactose to ferment in the large intestine, producing gas and discomfort.
Nonpolar side chains positioned inside globular proteins away from water, stabilizing tertiary structure.