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General Biology: Molecules of Cells - Carbohydrates and Organic Chemistry

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • How many bonds can a carbon atom form?
    Carbon can form four covalent bonds due to its four valence electrons.
  • What are hydrocarbons?
    Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • What is a polymer?
    A polymer is a long molecule made of many similar or identical monomers joined by covalent bonds.
  • What is dehydration synthesis?
    A dehydration reaction joins two molecules covalently by removing a water molecule.
  • What is hydrolysis?
    Hydrolysis breaks bonds between molecules by adding water, separating polymers into monomers.
  • What is a monosaccharide?
    A monosaccharide is the monomer of carbohydrates, usually a multiple of CH2O, like glucose (C6H12O6).
  • What functional groups are present in monosaccharides?
    Monosaccharides contain a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups.
  • What is a disaccharide?
    A disaccharide consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by dehydration.
  • What is a polysaccharide?
    A polysaccharide is a carbohydrate polymer of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.
  • What are the main functions of polysaccharides?
    Polysaccharides serve for energy storage and structural support in cells.
  • How are polysaccharides broken down into monosaccharides?
    Polysaccharides are broken down by hydrolysis, which adds water to break glycosidic bonds.
  • What is the difference between glucose and fructose structures?
    Glucose has a carbonyl group at the end (aldehyde), fructose has it within the chain (ketone).
  • What is a glycosidic linkage?
    A glycosidic linkage is a covalent bond formed between two sugar molecules by dehydration.
  • What is the role of functional groups in organic molecules?
    Functional groups like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and methyl determine molecule properties and reactions.
  • What is the structure of methane (CH4)?
    Methane has a tetrahedral shape with carbon at the center bonded to four hydrogens.
  • What types of carbon skeleton variations exist?
    Carbon skeletons vary by length, branching, double bonds, and rings.
  • What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
    Saturated hydrocarbons have single bonds, unsaturated have one or more double bonds.
  • What is the significance of carbon rings in organic molecules?
    Carbon skeletons can form rings, which are common in biological molecules like glucose and benzene.
  • What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
    Dehydration synthesis forms bonds by removing water; hydrolysis breaks bonds by adding water.
  • What is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates?
    Monomer: Monosaccharide; Polymer: Polysaccharide; Bond: Glycosidic linkage.