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General Biology: Organic Molecules and Biomolecules

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Termini in questo insieme (24)

  • What are organic molecules composed of?
    Organic molecules are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • What are polymers and monomers in biological molecules?
    Polymers are large organic molecules called macromolecules, composed of smaller subunits called monomers.
  • Name the four main types of biomolecules.
    The four main biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • What are the monomers of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids?
    Carbohydrates: glucose; Proteins: amino acids; Nucleic acids: nucleotides.
  • What are triglycerides made of?
    Triglycerides consist of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.
  • What are the three classes of carbohydrates?
    Carbohydrates include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), and polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).
  • Give examples of common monosaccharides.
    Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
  • How are monosaccharides classified?
    By the location of the carbonyl group (aldose or ketose) and the number of carbons (e.g., trioses, pentoses, hexoses).
  • What is a glycosidic linkage?
    A glycosidic linkage is the covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction joining two monosaccharides into a disaccharide.
  • Name three important polysaccharides and their functions.
    Starch (plant energy storage), glycogen (animal energy storage), and cellulose (plant cell wall structure).
  • What distinguishes saturated and unsaturated fats?
    Saturated fats have single carbon-carbon bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.
  • Describe the structure of a phospholipid.
    Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head (phosphate group + glycerol) and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails, making them amphipathic.
  • What is the role of phospholipids in cells?
    Phospholipids form the bilayer of cell membranes, creating a barrier impermeable to water.
  • What is the basic structure of steroids?
    Steroids have a backbone of four fused carbon rings and function as chemical messengers or membrane components.
  • List some examples of steroids.
    Examples include cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and vitamin D.
  • What are proteins made of?
    Proteins are polymers made of amino acids linked in a unique linear sequence.
  • Name three functions of proteins.
    Proteins function in enzymatic catalysis, transport (e.g., hemoglobin), and defense (e.g., antibodies).
  • What determines a protein's three-dimensional structure?
    The sequence of amino acids determines the protein's 3D structure and function.
  • What are the four levels of protein structure?
    Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (coils and folds), tertiary (side chain interactions), and quaternary (multiple polypeptides).
  • What is protein denaturation?
    Denaturation is the loss of a protein's native structure, causing it to become biologically inactive.
  • What are nucleic acids and their monomers?
    Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polymers of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group.
  • What nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
    DNA contains adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
  • How do nitrogenous bases pair in DNA?
    Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine via hydrogen bonds.
  • What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
    DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose sugar and thymine; RNA is single-stranded with ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine.