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General Biology: Phylogenetics and Animal Diversity

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • Linnaean Classification System

    A hierarchical system grouping organisms into domain, kingdom, phylum, genus, species based on shared traits and evolutionary history.

  • Phylogenetic Tree

    A branching diagram representing the evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups.

  • Monophyletic Group

    A group consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants, representing a true clade.

  • Paraphyletic Group

    A group containing an ancestor and some but not all descendants, missing one or more groups.

  • Polyphyletic Group

    A group composed of species with distant common ancestors, excluding the most recent common ancestor.

  • Homologous Characters

    Traits shared due to common ancestry, even if functions differ (e.g., limb bones in vertebrates).

  • Analogous Characters

    Traits similar due to convergent evolution, not common ancestry (e.g., wings of bats and insects).

  • Shared Ancestral Character

    A trait that originated in an ancestor of the taxon and is present in all descendants.

  • Shared Derived Character

    An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade, used to define groups.

  • Orthologous Genes

    Genes in different species that diverged after a speciation event, useful for inferring phylogeny.

  • Paralogous Genes

    Genes related by duplication within a species, can evolve new functions.

  • Molecular Clock

    A method estimating evolutionary time based on the constant rate of genetic mutations in some genes.

  • Limitations of Molecular Clocks

    Rates of evolution can vary among genes and taxa, and some genes evolve in irregular bursts.

  • Animal Kingdom Key Features

    Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms with ingestive nutrition.

  • Animal Symmetry Types

    Asymmetry, radial symmetry (top and bottom), and bilateral symmetry (dorsal/ventral, anterior/posterior).

  • Diploblastic vs Triploblastic

    Diploblastic animals have 2 tissue layers (ectoderm, endoderm); triploblastic have 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).

  • Complete vs Incomplete Digestive System

    Complete systems have two openings (mouth and anus); incomplete have one opening serving both ingestion and egestion.

  • Protostome Development

    Cleavage is spiral and determinate; coelom forms by schizocoely; blastopore becomes the mouth.

  • Deuterostome Development

    Cleavage is radial and indeterminate; coelom forms by enterocoely; blastopore becomes the anus.

  • Coelom Types

    Acoelomate: no body cavity; pseudocoelomate: body cavity not fully lined; coelomate: true body cavity fully lined with mesoderm.

  • Phylogenetic Placement of Animals

    Animals belong to the Unikonta supergroup within Eukarya, closely related to choanoflagellates.