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General Biology: Plant Structure and Growth

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  • What are the two main groups of angiosperms?
    Monocots and eudicots.
  • How many cotyledons do monocots and eudicots have?
    Monocots have one cotyledon, eudicots have two cotyledons.
  • List key differences between monocots and eudicots.
    Monocots: parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous roots, pollen with 1 opening, floral organs in multiples of 3. Eudicots: netlike veins, vascular tissue in a ring, taproot, pollen with 3 openings, floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5.
  • Name some examples of monocots.
    Orchids, lilies, grasses, palms.
  • Name some examples of eudicots.
    Oaks, maples, roses, peas.
  • What are nodes and internodes on a stem?
    Nodes are points where leaves and branches grow; internodes are the stem segments between nodes.
  • What is an axillary bud and an apical bud?
    An axillary bud is located in the leaf axil; an apical bud is at the stem tip and is the primary growth point.
  • What is apical dominance?
    The phenomenon where the apical bud suppresses growth of axillary buds.
  • What are adventitious roots?
    Roots that develop from non-root tissues such as stems or leaves.
  • What are root hairs and their function?
    Tiny extensions of root epidermal cells that increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption.
  • Name the five major plant cell types.
    Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, water-conducting cells, food-conducting cells.
  • What is the function of parenchyma cells?
    Food storage and photosynthesis; most abundant plant cell type.
  • What is the role of collenchyma cells?
    Provide flexible support to growing parts of the plant.
  • What characterizes sclerenchyma cells?
    Rigid walls with lignin; provide structural support and make wood hard.
  • What are the two types of water-conducting cells?
    Xylem cells that transport water from roots to leaves and contain lignin.
  • What is the function of food-conducting cells?
    Phloem cells that transport sugars from leaves to roots.
  • What are the three major plant tissue systems?
    Epidermis (outer protective layer), vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), and ground tissue (mostly parenchyma).
  • What is the function of the epidermis in plants?
    Protects the plant and conserves water.
  • What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
    Xylem transports water from roots to leaves; phloem transports sugars from leaves to roots.
  • What is indeterminate growth in plants?
    Growth that continues throughout the plant's life, allowing continuous lengthening and widening.
  • What is a meristem?
    Localized regions of unspecialized cells that divide to produce new cells for growth.
  • What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?
    Primary growth increases length via apical meristems; secondary growth increases width via vascular and cork cambium.
  • Where does primary growth occur in plants?
    At apical meristems located in root tips and terminal and axillary buds.
  • What tissues are responsible for secondary growth?
    Vascular cambium and cork cambium.
  • What is heartwood and sapwood in a tree?
    Heartwood is non-functioning older xylem in the center; sapwood is younger xylem that conducts water.
  • What makes up the bark of a tree?
    Secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.