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General Biology: Proteins and Chemistry Fundamentals

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is matter?
    Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
  • Define an atom.
    An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.
  • What is a molecule?
    A molecule is two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
  • Name the main types of chemical bonds.
    The main types are covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and partial charge interactions like hydrogen bonds.
  • What is a chemical reaction?
    A chemical reaction involves the making or breaking of chemical bonds to form new substances.
  • Why is water important in biology?
    Water is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds and act as both an acid and a base.
  • What is pH?
    pH measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, based on hydrogen ion concentration.
  • What is carbon chemistry centered on?
    Carbon chemistry centers on carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds with other atoms.
  • What is a polymer?
    A polymer is a large molecule made up of repeating smaller units called monomers.
  • What is a polypeptide?
    A polypeptide is a polymer made of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds.
  • What is an amino acid?
    An amino acid is an organic molecule with an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain.
  • How are amino acids classified by side-chain polarity?
    Amino acids can be polar noncharged, charged, or nonpolar based on their side chains.
  • What is the primary structure of a protein?
    The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
  • What bonds link amino acids in a polypeptide?
    Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds between the carboxyl carbon and amino nitrogen atoms.
  • Name the two most common secondary structures in proteins.
    The two most common secondary structures are the alpha helix and the beta sheet.
  • What forces stabilize secondary protein structure?
    Secondary structures are stabilized mainly by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms.
  • What is tertiary protein structure?
    The tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide, including side chain orientations.
  • List forces contributing to protein tertiary structure.
    Forces include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, disulfide covalent bonds, and the hydrophobic effect.
  • What is quaternary protein structure?
    The quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in a protein complex.
  • How can a polypeptide be chemically denatured?
    Denaturation can occur by disrupting bonds, e.g., using chemicals that break hydrogen or disulfide bonds.