IndietroGeneral Biology Test 1 Study Guide
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Termini in questo insieme (37)
Evolution, structure and function, unity and diversity, energy flow, and homeostasis are key themes that connect all living organisms.
Living things grow, reproduce, respond to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, obtain and use energy, and adapt through evolution.
From simplest to complex: atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.
Includes observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and theory development.
The shape of a biological structure determines its function, e.g., enzyme active sites fit specific substrates.
All organisms share common features like DNA, cell structure, and metabolic pathways, reflecting shared ancestry.
Genetic inheritance, cellular organization, and biochemical pathways explain unity.
Differences in form, function, and genetics among species; studied by taxonomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
Life is divided into 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya; and multiple kingdoms within Eukarya.
To systematically explore natural phenomena and generate reliable knowledge through observation and experimentation.
A testable and falsifiable explanation for an observation used to design experiments.
The smallest unit of an element retaining its chemical properties, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Element: pure substance of one atom type; Compound: substance of two or more elements chemically combined; Matter: anything with mass and volume.
Protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative charge) determine atomic identity and behavior.
Has equal numbers of protons and electrons, resulting in no net charge.
The number of protons in an atom's nucleus; defines the element.
Atomic mass: average mass of isotopes; Mass number: total protons + neutrons in an atom.
The number and arrangement of electrons, especially in the outer shell, determine reactivity.
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and thus different mass numbers.
Regions around the nucleus where electrons reside; each shell holds a max number of electrons with increasing energy farther from nucleus.
Organizes elements by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.
An element with a full outer electron shell, making it chemically unreactive (e.g., noble gases).
An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of electrons.
Molecule: two or more atoms bonded; Compound: molecule with at least two different elements.
Covalent bonds: sharing electrons; Ionic bonds: transfer of electrons; Hydrogen bonds: weak attraction between polar molecules.
Polar: unequal sharing of electrons causing partial charges; Non-polar: equal sharing, no charge separation.
An atom that strongly attracts electrons in a covalent bond (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen).
Structural formula: shows atom arrangement and bonds; Molecular formula: shows number and type of atoms only.
Hydrogen bonds give water high cohesion, surface tension, and temperature regulation important for life.
Water is polar, has high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, and is a universal solvent.
Water is densest at 4°C.
Hydrogen bonds cause water to exist as solid, liquid, and gas.
Energy required to convert water from liquid to gas without temperature change.
Process where evaporation of water removes heat, cooling the surface.
H+ concentration determines pH; pH affects enzyme activity and cellular processes.
pH: measure of H+ concentration; acidic: pH < 7; basic: pH > 7; buffers: resist pH changes.
pH = -log[H+]; moles = concentration × volume.