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General Biology: Tour of the Cell

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • Basic features of all cells

    Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes carrying genes, and ribosomes that make proteins.

  • Characteristics of prokaryotic cells

    No nucleus, DNA in nucleoid region, no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane.

  • Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

    DNA in nucleus bounded by double membrane, membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm between plasma membrane and nucleus, generally larger than prokaryotes.

  • Function of the plasma membrane

    A selective barrier allowing passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service cell volume.

  • Nucleus structure and function

    Contains most DNA, enclosed by double membrane nuclear envelope with pores, lined by nuclear lamina, contains nucleolus for rRNA synthesis.

  • Chromatin and chromosomes

    DNA and proteins form chromatin, which condenses into chromosomes during cell division.

  • Ribosomes and their locations

    Complexes of rRNA and protein; build proteins in cytosol (free ribosomes) or on rough ER/nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes).

  • Components of the endomembrane system

    Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane; connected by continuity or vesicles.

  • Functions of smooth ER

    Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs/poisons, stores calcium ions.

  • Functions of rough ER

    Site of membrane-bound protein synthesis, including secretory proteins.

  • Golgi apparatus roles

    Modifies ER products, manufactures macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles.

  • Lysosome function

    Membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes digesting macromolecules, works best in acidic environment, involved in phagocytosis and autophagy.

  • Vacuole types and functions

    Food vacuoles (phagocytosis), contractile vacuoles (pump water), central vacuoles (store sap and ions, aid plant cell growth).

  • Mitochondria function

    Sites of cellular respiration, converting oxygen and nutrients into ATP.

  • Chloroplast function

    Sites of photosynthesis in plants and algae.

  • Peroxisomes function

    Oxidative organelles that remove hydrogen atoms, form hydrogen peroxide, break down fatty acids, and detoxify harmful compounds.

  • Nuclear envelope structure

    Double lipid bilayer membrane with pores lined by pore complexes regulating molecular traffic.

  • Nuclear lamina role

    Protein network lining nuclear envelope, maintaining nucleus shape.

  • Autophagy process

    Lysosomes recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules.

  • Phagocytosis and lysosomes

    Cells engulf others forming food vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes for digestion.