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General Biology Unit 2 Test Review

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Termini in questo insieme (31)

  • Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
    Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus; eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
  • Which cells have a plasma membrane?
    Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane.
  • Function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
    The nucleus stores genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
  • Role of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells
    Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.
  • Components of the endomembrane system
    Includes vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
  • Function of rough and smooth ER
    Rough ER synthesizes proteins; smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals.
  • Function of the Golgi apparatus
    Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
  • Role of lysosomes
    Lysosomes digest macromolecules and recycle cellular waste.
  • Function of mitochondria
    Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration.
  • Function of chloroplasts
    Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy.
  • Role of peroxisomes
    Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
  • Components of the cytoskeleton
    Includes microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments for cell shape and movement.
  • Function of motor proteins
    Motor proteins move organelles and vesicles along cytoskeletal tracks.
  • Extracellular components in cells
    Includes the cell wall, extracellular matrix, and cell junctions like plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
  • Phospholipid structure and bilayer formation
    Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming a bilayer that creates the cell membrane.
  • Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
    Describes the membrane as a fluid structure with proteins embedded in or attached to a phospholipid bilayer.
  • Effect of saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acid tails on membrane fluidity
    Saturated tails make membranes less fluid; unsaturated tails increase fluidity due to kinks preventing tight packing.
  • Role of cholesterol in membrane fluidity
    Cholesterol stabilizes membrane fluidity by preventing tight packing in cold and restraining movement in heat.
  • Types of membrane proteins
    Includes integral/transmembrane proteins, transport proteins (like aquaporins), and peripheral proteins.
  • Functions of membrane proteins
    Functions include transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell recognition, intercellular joining, and attachment to cytoskeleton.
  • Selective permeability of the cell membrane
    Small nonpolar molecules pass easily; large or polar molecules require transport proteins.
  • Define diffusion
    Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input.
  • Define osmosis
    Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
  • Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
    Isotonic: equal solute concentration; hypertonic: higher solute outside; hypotonic: lower solute outside.
  • Water balance in plant and animal cells in different solutions
    Plant cells become turgid in hypotonic, plasmolyzed in hypertonic; animal cells lyse in hypotonic, shrivel in hypertonic.
  • Water potential and its importance
    Water potential predicts water movement; water moves from higher to lower water potential.
  • Facilitated diffusion and energy requirement
    Passive transport using channel or carrier proteins; does not require energy.
  • Why is energy needed for active transport?
    Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring ATP.
  • Function of proton pumps
    Use energy to pump protons across membranes, creating an electrochemical gradient.
  • Define cotransport
    Couples the downhill diffusion of one molecule to the uphill transport of another.
  • Bulk transport mechanisms
    Includes exocytosis (export) and endocytosis (import) of large molecules or particles.