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GRQ Chemistry Lesson 4

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Termini in questo insieme (43)

  • Major atoms in biomolecules
    Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen are the four major atoms that make up biomolecules.
  • Atoms directly involved in chemical reactions
    Electrons are the subatomic particles directly involved in chemical reactions.
  • Electron energy gain effect
    When an electron gains energy, it moves to a more outer shell.
  • Chemical behavior of an atom depends on
    The chemical behavior depends mostly on the number of electrons in the outer (valence) shell.
  • Hydrogen outer shell electrons and needs
    Hydrogen has 1 electron in its outer shell and needs 1 more electron to fill it.
  • Carbon outer shell electrons and needs
    Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell and needs 4 more electrons to fill it.
  • Nitrogen outer shell electrons and needs
    Nitrogen has 5 electrons in its outer shell and needs 3 more electrons to fill it.
  • Oxygen outer shell electrons and needs
    Oxygen has 6 electrons in its outer shell and needs 2 more electrons to fill it.
  • Relation of periodic table to outer shell electrons
    The periodic table groups elements by the number of electrons in their outer shell.
  • Atoms in chemical bonds
    Atoms either share or transfer valence electrons to form chemical bonds.
  • Ionic bonds in watery solutions
    Ionic bonds are generally weak in watery environments because water disrupts ionic interactions.
  • Single vs double covalent bond
    A single covalent bond shares one pair of electrons; a double covalent bond shares two pairs.
  • Number of covalent bonds atoms can make
    Hydrogen: 1, Carbon: 4, Nitrogen: 3, Oxygen: 2.
  • Most electronegative atom in biological molecules
    Oxygen is the most electronegative atom, meaning it strongly attracts electrons.
  • Polar covalent bond
    A bond where electrons are shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity.
  • Carbon-hydrogen bond polarity
    The bond between carbon and hydrogen is nonpolar due to small electronegativity difference.
  • Hydrogen-oxygen bond polarity
    The bond between hydrogen and oxygen is polar because of a large electronegativity difference.
  • Meaning of Greek letter delta (δ) in bonds
    δ indicates a partial charge on an atom in a polar covalent bond.
  • Ionic bond electron transfer example
    Electrons transfer from sodium to chlorine, filling their outer shells and forming ions.
  • Cation and anion definitions
    A cation is a positively charged ion; an anion is a negatively charged ion.
  • Hydrogen bond definition
    A weak interaction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom.
  • Atoms involved in biological hydrogen bonds
    Hydrogen bonds often form between hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen atoms.
  • Why water's covalent bonds are polar
    Oxygen's high electronegativity causes unequal sharing of electrons, making water bonds polar.
  • Van der Waals interactions
    Temporary positive and negative regions form by chance in nonpolar molecules, enabling weak attractions.
  • Strongest bonds in biological systems
    Covalent bonds are the strongest bonds in biological systems based in water.
  • Weak interactions holding molecules together
    Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and van der Waals interactions are weak individually but collectively strong.
  • Biological concept illustrated by opiates binding receptors
    Molecular shape complementarity allows drugs to bind the same receptors as natural molecules.
  • Definition of hydrocarbon
    Organic molecules made of only carbon and hydrogen, mostly with nonpolar bonds and hydrophobic.
  • Common chemical groups in biological molecules
    -CH3, -OH, -COOH, C=O, OPO3^2-, -NH2 are key functional groups.
  • Polymer vs monomer
    A polymer is a large molecule made of repeating monomers.
  • Protein as polymer or monomer
    Proteins are polymers made of amino acid monomers.
  • Dehydration reaction
    A reaction that builds polymers by removing water.
  • Hydrolysis reaction
    A reaction that breaks down polymers by adding water.
  • Digestion reaction type
    Digestion is a hydrolysis reaction.
  • Polarity of sugars
    Sugars are mostly polar (hydrophilic) due to many hydroxyl groups.
  • Polymers of sugars
    Polymers of sugars are called polysaccharides.
  • Lipids polarity
    Lipids mostly contain hydrocarbons and are generally hydrophobic.
  • Composition of a triglyceride (fat)
    A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule.
  • Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids
    Saturated fats have no double bonds; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
  • Physical state of fats at room temperature
    Most animal fats are saturated and solid; unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
  • Phospholipid structure and water interaction
    Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head that interacts with water and hydrophobic tails that do not.
  • Phospholipid arrangement in water
    Phospholipids form bilayers with heads facing water and tails inside, creating membranes.
  • Steroid structure and examples
    Steroids have four fused rings; examples include sex hormones.