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lab3-Macromolecule

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Termini in questo insieme (25)

  • What is a macromolecule?

    A macromolecule is a large molecule composed of many smaller subunits called monomers linked by dehydration synthesis.

  • Name the four major types of macromolecules found in living organisms.

    Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

  • What is dehydration synthesis?

    A process where a water molecule is removed to form a covalent bond between two monomers.

  • What functional groups are commonly associated with carbohydrates?

    Hydroxyl (-OH), ketone (-CO), and aldehyde (-CHO) groups.

  • What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

    \(C_nH_{2n}O_n\)

  • What are monosaccharides?

    Smallest carbohydrate molecules, simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose, which can exist as ring or straight chains.

  • How are disaccharides formed?

    By joining two monosaccharides via dehydration synthesis forming a glycosidic bond.

  • What determines alpha or beta glycosidic bonds?

    The orientation of the hydroxyl group at the number 1 carbon.

  • What are polysaccharides and their functions?

    Long chains of 3 or more carbohydrates joined by dehydration synthesis; they provide energy storage and structural support.

  • Name three important polysaccharides and their roles.

    Starch (energy storage in plants), glycogen (energy storage in animals), cellulose (structural support in plants).

  • Why is cellulose indigestible to humans?

    Because it contains beta glycosidic linkages that humans cannot break down.

  • What is a reducing sugar?

    A sugar with a free or potentially free aldehyde or ketone group that can reduce copper sulfate in Benedict's test.

  • What does Benedict's test detect and how does it work?

    Detects reducing sugars by reacting copper sulfate with the sugar to form cuprous oxide, causing a color change from green to red depending on concentration.

  • What is the purpose of Barfoed's test?

    To distinguish monosaccharides from disaccharides and polysaccharides by using copper ions at lower pH and shorter reaction time.

  • What does the iodine test detect?

    Presence of polysaccharides like starch, which turn blue-black when reacting with iodine.

  • What are lipids and their common property?

    Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids; they are hydrophobic or insoluble in water.

  • What is the structure of triglycerides?

    One glycerol molecule covalently bound to three fatty acid molecules.

  • How do phospholipids differ from triglycerides?

    Phospholipids have a phosphate group replacing one fatty acid chain, important for cell membranes.

  • What is the Sudan IV test used for?

    To detect lipids by staining hydrophobic substances red.

  • What is the grease spot test?

    A test for lipids where grease leaves a translucent spot on brown paper, unlike water.

  • What are proteins composed of?

    Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds formed via dehydration synthesis.

  • What functional groups do all amino acids contain?

    Amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), and a variable alkyl group (R).

  • What is a peptide bond?

    The covalent bond formed between amino acids in a protein chain.

  • What is the Biuret test used for?

    To detect proteins by reacting with peptide bonds to produce a violet color.

  • Do free amino acids react with Biuret reagent?

    No, only chains of more than six amino acids react.