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Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Principles

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Blending inheritance hypothesis

    Parental traits blend so offspring have intermediate traits, which Mendel's experiments disproved.

  • Inheritance of acquired characteristics

    Traits modified by use are passed on to offspring; an early disproven hypothesis.

  • Gregor Mendel's contribution

    Used quantitative analysis of pea breeding experiments to propose genes as discrete hereditary units.

  • Why Mendel chose garden peas

    Peas are inexpensive, easy to grow, have short generation time, produce many seeds, and have polymorphic traits.

  • True-breeding lines

    Plants that produce offspring identical to themselves when self-fertilized; homozygous for studied traits.

  • Monohybrid cross

    Cross between two pure lines differing in one trait to study inheritance patterns.

  • Mendel's F1 generation result in monohybrid cross

    All offspring showed the dominant trait; recessive trait disappeared.

  • F2 generation phenotype ratio in monohybrid cross

    Dominant to recessive phenotype ratio is approximately 3:1.

  • Dominant vs recessive traits

    Dominant traits appear in heterozygotes; recessive traits are masked unless homozygous.

  • Reciprocal cross

    Cross where male and female phenotypes are reversed to test if sex influences inheritance; Mendel found no effect.

  • Principle of segregation

    Allele pairs separate during gamete formation so each gamete carries one allele.

  • Genotype vs phenotype

    Genotype is the genetic makeup (allele combination); phenotype is the observable trait.

  • Homozygous and heterozygous definitions

    Homozygous: two identical alleles; heterozygous: two different alleles for a gene.

  • Punnett square purpose

    Diagram to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parental gametes.

  • Dihybrid cross

    Cross between parents heterozygous for two traits to test independent assortment.

  • Principle of independent assortment

    Alleles of different genes segregate independently during gamete formation.

  • Testcross

    Cross between an individual with dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive to determine genotype.

  • Chromosome theory of inheritance

    Genes are located on chromosomes; segregation and independent assortment explained by meiosis.

  • Sex-linked inheritance

    Inheritance of genes located on sex chromosomes, showing different patterns in males and females.

  • X-linked traits

    Genes on the X chromosome; males are hemizygous and more frequently affected by recessive X-linked diseases.

  • Linkage and crossing over

    Genes close on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together unless crossing over occurs, causing recombination.

  • Multiple allelism

    More than two alleles exist for a gene in a population, e.g., ABO blood group alleles.

  • Complete dominance

    Dominant allele phenotype fully masks recessive allele in heterozygotes.

  • Codominance

    Both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, e.g., A and B blood types.

  • Incomplete dominance

    Heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygotes.

  • Epistasis

    One gene masks or modifies the expression of another gene affecting the same trait.

  • Pleiotropy

    A single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits.

  • Autosomal inheritance

    Inheritance of genes located on non-sex chromosomes, following Mendelian patterns.

  • Polymorphic trait

    A trait that commonly appears in two or more distinct forms in a population.