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Scientific Method and Process of Science

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What are the five characteristics shared by all living things?
    • Composed of cells
    • Replication/Reproduction
    • Information processing
    • Energy use
    • Evolution
  • What is the Cell Theory?
    All living organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells of the same type.
  • What was Louis Pasteur's experiment and its significance?
    Pasteur used swan-neck flasks to disprove spontaneous generation, showing that new cells come from preexisting cells.
  • What is the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance?
    Hereditary information is encoded in chromosomes, which are made of DNA and proteins; genes are segments of DNA.
  • What is the Central Dogma of Biology?
    Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein through replication, transcription, and translation.
  • What is ATP and its role in cells?
    ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the universal energy molecule in cells, releasing energy when its phosphoanhydride bonds are broken.
  • What is evolution in biological terms?
    Evolution is a change in the characteristics of a population over time, driven by genetic variation and natural selection.
  • What are the two requirements for natural selection?
    • Individuals vary in heritable traits
    • Traits affect reproductive success
  • What is fitness in evolutionary biology?
    Fitness is the ability of an individual to produce offspring; higher fitness means more offspring.
  • What is a phylogenetic tree?
    A diagram showing evolutionary relationships between species based on common ancestry and genetic similarity.
  • What are the three domains of life?
    Bacteria, Archaea (both prokaryotes), and Eukarya (organisms with a nucleus).
  • What is a scientific hypothesis?
    A tentative, testable, and falsifiable explanation for an observation.
  • How does a scientific theory differ from a hypothesis?
    A theory unifies many hypotheses, has broad scope, and is highly supported by evidence.
  • What is the scientific method?
    A cyclical process involving observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, testing, and conclusion.
  • Why is peer review important in science?
    It ensures experimental design is sound and conclusions are legitimate by independent evaluation.
  • What is the difference between experimental and observational studies?
    Experimental studies manipulate variables; observational studies compare groups without manipulation.
  • What is a control group in an experiment?
    A group not receiving the treatment, used for comparison to control confounding variables.
  • What are confounding variables?
    Factors other than the independent variable that can affect the dependent variable and bias results.
  • What is the importance of sample size in studies?
    Larger sample sizes increase confidence that results are not due to random chance.
  • What is the difference between correlation and causation?
    Correlation is a relationship between variables; causation means one variable causes the other.