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Species Interactions and Ecological Levels in General Biology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • Levels of ecological organization from individual to biosphere

    Individual < Population < Community < Ecosystem < Biome < Biosphere

  • Definition of a population

    A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.

  • Definition of a community

    All populations of different species that live and interact within a certain area.

  • Mutualism

    Species interaction where both species benefit (+/+), e.g., honeybees and flowering plants.

  • Commensalism

    One species benefits and the other is unaffected (+/0), e.g., barnacles on whales.

  • Consumption interactions

    One species benefits and the other is harmed (+/−), includes predation, herbivory, and parasitism.

  • Competition

    Interaction where both species experience fitness costs (−/−) due to shared resource use.

  • Symbiosis

    Close, prolonged physical association between individuals of two species, can be mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism.

  • Example of mutualism

    Legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium spp.) benefit each other.

  • Example of commensalism

    Epiphytes growing on trees benefit without affecting the tree.

  • Example of consumption: predation

    Cheetah (predator) and gazelle (prey) interaction where predator benefits and prey is harmed.

  • Example of consumption: herbivory

    Monarch butterfly caterpillars feeding on milkweed plants.

  • Example of consumption: parasitism

    Nematode parasites (Ascaris lumbricoides) living in humans.

  • Anti-predator defense mechanisms

    Include cryptic coloration, object resemblance, schooling, startle response, toxins, armor, weapons, alarm calls, and mimicry.

  • Cryptic coloration

    Visual defense where prey blend into their environment to avoid detection.

  • Mimicry

    Prey species resemble harmful or unpalatable species to deter predators.

  • Aposematism

    Warning coloration advertising that prey is poisonous or dangerous, often combining visual and chemical cues.

  • Effect of phenotypic variation in prey on predation

    Variation in color patterns and chemical cues can influence predator response and consumption rates.

  • Fitness in species interactions

    Fitness is the ability to produce viable, fertile offspring and is affected positively, negatively, or neutrally by interactions.

  • Dynamic nature of species interactions

    Costs and benefits of interactions can change depending on environmental conditions and species behavior.