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General Chemistry: Molecules and Compounds

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • What are the two main types of chemical bonds?
    Ionic bonds formed by electron transfer between metals and nonmetals, and covalent bonds formed by electron sharing between nonmetals.
  • How do ionic bonds form?
    By the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal, creating cations and anions that attract each other.
  • How do covalent bonds form?
    By sharing electrons between two or more nonmetal atoms, resulting in molecule formation.
  • What is the difference between mixtures and compounds?
    Mixtures combine elements in any proportion without new substances; compounds combine elements in fixed proportions forming new substances.
  • Why does water have different properties than hydrogen and oxygen gases?
    Because hydrogen and oxygen combine in a fixed 2:1 ratio to form water, a liquid with unique properties unlike the gases.
  • What does a chemical formula represent?
    The elements present in a compound and the relative number of atoms of each element.
  • What is an empirical formula?
    The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
  • What is a molecular formula?
    The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
  • What is a structural formula?
    A representation showing how atoms are connected or bonded in a molecule.
  • How are ionic compounds formed?
    When metals transfer electrons to nonmetals, forming a lattice of alternating cations and anions.
  • What must the sum of charges be in an ionic compound formula?
    The sum of the charges must be zero.
  • How are Type I ionic compounds named?
    Metal name + nonmetal base name + '-ide', used when metal forms only one ion type.
  • How are Type II ionic compounds named?
    Metal name + (charge in Roman numerals) + nonmetal base + '-ide', used when metal forms multiple ion charges.
  • How are covalent (molecular) compounds named?
    Using prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-, etc.) to indicate the number of atoms, naming the more metal-like element first.
  • What are polyatomic ions?
    Groups of covalently bonded atoms with an overall charge, often found in ionic compounds.
  • How are oxyanions named?
    Based on oxygen number: '-ate' for more oxygen, '-ite' for less; prefixes 'per-' (more) and 'hypo-' (less) indicate extremes.
  • What are hydrates?
    Ionic compounds with a specific number of water molecules attached, indicated by prefixes like mono-, di-, tri-.
  • How are binary acids named?
    Composed of hydrogen and a nonmetal, named as 'hydro-' + nonmetal base + '-ic acid' (e.g., HCl = hydrochloric acid).
  • How are oxyacids named?
    Based on the polyatomic ion: '-ate' ions become '-ic acid', '-ite' ions become '-ous acid' (e.g., nitrate → nitric acid).
  • What is molar mass?
    The mass of one mole of a compound in grams per mole, numerically equal to the formula mass in amu.
  • What does mass percent composition show?
    The mass ratio of each element in a compound, used to convert between element mass and compound mass.
  • How is the empirical formula determined?
    From percent composition or mass data, giving the simplest whole-number atom ratio.
  • What is the relationship between molecular and empirical formulas?
    The molecular formula is a whole-number multiple of the empirical formula.
  • What is combustion analysis used for?
    To determine the empirical formula of organic compounds by burning a known mass and analyzing products.
  • Name three ways compounds can be represented.
    Chemical formula, structural formula, and molecular models like ball-and-stick or space-filling.
  • What are hydrocarbons?
    Organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen, classified as alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes based on bond types.
  • How are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes named?
    Alkanes have single bonds (-ane), alkenes have double bonds (-ene), and alkynes have triple bonds (-yne).
  • What defines functionalized hydrocarbons?
    Organic compounds with specific functional groups that give characteristic chemical properties.