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Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics
Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 14th Edition
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Tutti i libri di testoBrown 14th EditionCh.19 - Chemical ThermodynamicsProblema 15c
Capitolo 19, Problema 15c

Consider the vaporization of liquid water to steam at a pressure of 1 atm. (c) In what temperature range is it a nonspontaneous process?

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insert step 1> Identify the process: Vaporization of liquid water to steam at 1 atm pressure.
insert step 2> Recall that a process is nonspontaneous when the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is positive.
insert step 3> Use the Gibbs free energy equation: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔH is the enthalpy change, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and ΔS is the entropy change.
insert step 4> Recognize that at the boiling point of water (100°C or 373 K at 1 atm), ΔG = 0, meaning the process is at equilibrium.
insert step 5> Conclude that the process is nonspontaneous at temperatures below 100°C, where ΔG > 0, because the vaporization requires energy input to overcome intermolecular forces.

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Gibbs Free Energy

Gibbs Free Energy (G) is a thermodynamic potential that helps predict the spontaneity of a process at constant temperature and pressure. A process is spontaneous if the change in Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) is negative. For the vaporization of water, understanding how temperature affects ΔG is crucial in determining the conditions under which the process becomes nonspontaneous.
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Gibbs Free Energy of Reactions

Phase Equilibrium

Phase equilibrium refers to the state where the rates of vaporization and condensation of a substance are equal, resulting in no net change in the amount of liquid and vapor. At 1 atm, water vaporizes at 100°C. Below this temperature, the equilibrium shifts towards the liquid phase, indicating that vaporization is nonspontaneous as the system favors condensation.
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Phase Changes in Diagrams

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation describes the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a substance during phase changes. It provides insight into how the vapor pressure of water changes with temperature, which is essential for understanding the conditions under which vaporization occurs. This equation helps identify the temperature range where vaporization is nonspontaneous by relating it to the pressure of the system.
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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
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Consider the vaporization of liquid water to steam at a pressure of 1 atm. (d) At what temperature are the two phases in equilibrium?

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