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Innate and Adaptive Immunity Basics

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • General features of innate immunity

    Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense, providing immediate, nonspecific protection against pathogens.

  • General features of adaptive immunity

    Adaptive immunity is specific, slower to respond, and involves memory for faster response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

  • Role of normal microbiota in immunity

    Normal microbiota limit pathogen growth by competing for nutrients and space, and can stimulate immune responses.

  • What is lysozyme and its function

    Lysozyme is an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls and is found in tears, saliva, and mucus.

  • Basic role of antimicrobial peptides

    Antimicrobial peptides disrupt microbial membranes and help control infections as part of innate immunity.

  • What is lymph and how is it collected

    Lymph is fluid collected from tissues, filtered through lymph nodes, and returned to the bloodstream.

  • Primary lymphoid tissues and their role

    Primary lymphoid tissues (bone marrow and thymus) are where lymphocytes develop and mature.

  • Secondary lymphoid tissues and their role

    Secondary lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, spleen) are sites where immune responses are initiated.

  • Two main categories of leukocytes

    Leukocytes are divided into granulocytes (with granules) and agranulocytes (without granules).

  • Features of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

    Monocytes circulate in blood; macrophages are tissue-resident phagocytes; dendritic cells present antigens to lymphocytes.

  • Three main categories of lymphocytes

    Lymphocytes include B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, each with distinct immune roles.

  • Why leukocytes are central to second-line defenses

    Leukocytes perform phagocytosis, produce signaling molecules, and coordinate immune responses in second-line defense.

  • Three primary functions of inflammation

    Inflammation functions to destroy pathogens, limit spread, and repair tissue.

  • Three phases of inflammation

    The phases are vasodilation, phagocyte migration and phagocytosis, and tissue repair.

  • Four cardinal signs of inflammation

    The signs are redness, heat, swelling, and pain, caused by increased blood flow and immune activity.

  • Features of chronic inflammation

    Chronic inflammation is prolonged, can cause tissue damage, and involves persistent immune activation.

  • What is fever and its useful effects

    Fever is an elevated body temperature that inhibits pathogen growth and enhances immune function.

  • How fever is generated

    Fever is triggered by pyrogens that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher temperature.

  • How fever is treated

    Fever treatment includes antipyretics to lower temperature and addressing the underlying cause.

  • Clinical terminology for fever patterns

    Fever patterns include continuous, intermittent, remittent, and relapsing, describing temperature fluctuations.