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Introduction to Microbiology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is microbiology?

    Microbiology is the study of living things that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, algae, archaea, prions, and helminths.

  • Name the main categories of microbes.

    Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Protozoa, Algae, Archaea, Prions, and Helminths.

  • What are the two main focuses in the field of microbiology?

    Basic research (microbe-centered) and process-centered studies such as microbial metabolism and genetics.

  • What does bacteriology study?

    The study of bacteria and archaea.

  • What is the role of microbiology in environmental science?

    It studies relationships between microbes, other organisms, and their environment, including processes like bioremediation.

  • List some industrial uses of microbes.

    Production of antibiotics, human growth hormone, insulin, laundry enzymes, vitamins, pest control chemicals, and drain openers.

  • What is a microbiome?

    A community of microorganisms living in a particular environment, such as the human gut, interacting with each other and the host.

  • What are normal microbiota?

    Microbes that normally inhabit the human body, helping maintain health by preventing pathogen growth and aiding immune system training.

  • Give an example of a beneficial bacterium in the human gut and its function.

    E. coli produces vitamin K2 (menaquinone), important for blood clotting and bone health.

  • What is a biofilm?

    A complex community of microbes attached to surfaces, which can be beneficial (protect mucous membranes) or harmful (cause infections, clog pipes).

  • What is quorum sensing?

    Cell-to-cell communication among bacteria that coordinates group behaviors like biofilm formation.

  • Explain binomial nomenclature.

    A universal system for naming organisms using two names: genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase), both italicized or underlined.

  • Who developed the system of taxonomy used in microbiology?

    Karl Linnaeus, an 18th-century Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist.

  • What are the three domains of life?

    Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

  • Name the six kingdoms in the Linnaean classification.

    Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

  • What is bioremediation?

    The use of microbes to decontaminate environments by breaking down pollutants like oil or waste.

  • How do microbes contribute to energy production?

    Microbes produce chemical products like ethanol and acetone and can generate methane gas used for electricity.

  • What is the difference between normal microbiota and transient microbiota?

    Normal microbiota permanently colonize the body, while transient microbiota are temporary and do not persist.

  • What are probiotics?

    Live beneficial bacteria consumed to restore or maintain healthy gut flora, especially after antibiotic use.

  • How do antibiotics affect gut bacteria?

    Antibiotics kill both harmful and beneficial bacteria, which can disrupt gut health.