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Microbiology Exam 2 Review

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  • Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

    Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

  • Four kingdoms of eukaryotes

    Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals; each kingdom has distinct characteristics and cellular organization.

  • Function of mitochondria

    Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration, supplying energy to the cell.

  • Function of ribosomes in eukaryotes

    Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

  • Role of the Golgi body

    Golgi body modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

  • Difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

    Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals.

  • Function of the nucleus

    Nucleus stores DNA and controls cell activities by regulating gene expression.

  • Difference in cell membrane and cell wall between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

    Prokaryotes have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan; eukaryotic cell walls (if present) differ chemically. Cell membranes are similar phospholipid bilayers in both.

  • General features of protists studied in microbiology

    Protists are diverse, mostly unicellular eukaryotes; some cause human diseases and move by flagella, cilia, or pseudopods.

  • General features of fungi in microbiology

    Fungi are eukaryotic decomposers with chitin cell walls; some are pathogenic to humans.

  • Why study worms (helminths) in microbiology

    Helminths are multicellular parasites causing human diseases; studied for their life cycles and infection mechanisms.

  • Different ways protists move

    Protists move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods.

  • Groups of protists and helminths discussed

    Includes protozoa groups (e.g., amoebas, ciliates) and helminths like flatworms and roundworms.

  • How protists cause disease in humans

    Protists cause disease by invading tissues, producing toxins, or disrupting normal functions.

  • Better terms for viruses than alive or dead

    Viruses are described as active or inactive since they lack metabolism and reproduce only inside host cells.

  • Size of viruses relative to other microorganisms

    Viruses are smaller than bacteria and eukaryotic cells, typically 20-300 nm in size.

  • Function and structure of viral capsids

    Capsids protect viral genetic material and aid in attachment to host cells; made of protein subunits called capsomeres.

  • Difference between enveloped and naked viruses

    Enveloped viruses have a lipid membrane around the capsid; naked viruses lack this envelope.

  • Importance of viral surface proteins (spikes)

    Spikes enable viruses to attach and enter specific host cells, determining host range and tissue tropism.

  • Steps of a bacteriophage life cycle

    Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release; differs from animal viruses mainly in host interaction and entry.

  • Lytic vs lysogenic bacteriophage infections

    Lytic cycle destroys host cells; lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into host genome, remaining dormant.

  • Methods of virus cultivation

    Viruses are grown in living cells like bacterial cultures, animal cell cultures, or embryonated eggs.

  • Noncellular infectious agents besides viruses

    Includes viroids, prions, and satellite viruses, which differ in structure and replication from viruses.

  • Examples of viruses and treatments discussed

    Examples include influenza and HIV; treatments involve antivirals, vaccines, and supportive care.