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Microbiology: Immunity and Antigen Presentation

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Termini in questo insieme (17)

  • Compare innate and adaptive immunity

    Innate immunity is the immediate, non-specific defense present at birth. Adaptive immunity is specific, develops memory, and improves upon repeated exposure.

  • Define immune specificity, memory, and tolerance

    Specificity is the immune system's ability to target specific antigens. Memory allows faster response upon re-exposure. Tolerance prevents immune response against self-antigens.

  • Compare MHCI and MHCII expression patterns

    MHCI is expressed on all nucleated cells; presents intracellular antigens. MHCII is on antigen-presenting cells; presents extracellular antigens.

  • Sequence of antigen processing for intracellular antigens

    Intracellular antigens are degraded by proteasomes, loaded onto MHCI in the ER, and presented on the cell surface to CD8+ T cells.

  • Sequence of antigen processing for extracellular antigens

    Extracellular antigens are endocytosed, degraded in endosomes, loaded onto MHCII, and presented to CD4+ T cells.

  • Role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in humoral immunity

    APCs process and present antigens to T helper cells, activating B cells for antibody production. The three main APCs are dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

  • Compare TCR and BCR: peptide chains and epitope binding

    TCR has 2 peptide chains and 1 epitope binding site; recognizes peptides only with MHC. BCR has 4 chains and 2 binding sites; recognizes native antigens without MHC.

  • Three ways antibodies eliminate pathogens

    Antibodies neutralize toxins, opsonize pathogens for phagocytosis, and activate the complement system.

  • Differences between T helper and T cytotoxic cells

    T helper cells express CD4, activate other immune cells, and recognize MHCII. T cytotoxic cells express CD8, kill infected cells, and recognize MHCI.

  • Activation of T helper cells and B cells in extracellular pathogen defense

    APCs present antigen to T helper cells, which activate B cells. Activated B cells proliferate and produce antibodies to eliminate extracellular pathogens.

  • Compare cell-mediated and humoral immunity

    Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells targeting infected cells. Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies against extracellular pathogens.

  • Characteristics of IgA antibody

    IgA is found in mucosal areas, protects mucous membranes, and exists mainly as a dimer.

  • Characteristics of IgM antibody

    IgM is the first antibody produced in an immune response, exists as a pentamer, and is effective at complement activation.

  • Characteristics of IgG antibody

    IgG is the most abundant antibody in blood, provides long-term immunity, and can cross the placenta.

  • Characteristics of IgE antibody

    IgE is involved in allergic responses and defense against parasites by binding to mast cells and basophils.

  • Define isotype switching

    Isotype switching is the process where B cells change the antibody class they produce without altering antigen specificity.

  • Implications of isotype switching in serological testing

    Isotype switching affects antibody detection and interpretation in tests, indicating different stages or types of immune response.